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Mother-Child Communication and Mothers' Fear of Coronavirus Disease During the Pandemic

Year 2021, , 245 - 256, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.971643

Abstract

Since the outbreak began worsening, Turkey has exhibited quite a bad table in the number of cases and death rates. As in all countries where the epidemic has reached bad dimensions, restrictions and prohibitions are implemented. It is known that both epidemics and restrictions have multidimensional effects on society. This study aimed to investigate mothers' fear of COVID-19 in terms of various variables and the effects on mother-child communication. Accordingly, the data were collected from 316 mothers with 48-72 months old children via online data collection. As a result of the study, a significant relationship was found between mothers' fear of COVID-19 and being in business, age, and living with a family member at home. As a result of the regression model, a significant negative relationship was found between mother-child communication and fear of COVID-19 (R=.324, R²=.150 p<05). The latest finding of the study shows that the fear of COVID-19 explains 15.2% of mother-child communication in the model. In the light of the findings, it is recommended that psycho-social support activities be organized in a context that will cover child and family welfare during and after the epidemic.

References

  • Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Bahar, O., & İlal, N. Ç. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus (Covid-19) on the tourism industry. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6 (1), 125-139.
  • Barua, S. (2020). Understanding Coronanomics: The economic implications of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
  • Beland, L. P., Brodeur, A., Haddad, J., & Mikola, D. (2020). Covid-19, family stress and domestic violence: Remote work, isolation and bargaining power.
  • Bong, C. L., Brasher, C., Chikumba, E., McDougall, R., Mellin-Olsen, J., & Enright, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: effects on low-and middle-income countries. Anesthesia and Analgesia.
  • Bostan, S., Erdem, R., Öztürk, Y. E., Kılıç, T., & Yılmaz, A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Turkish Society. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6).
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches research design. (Hacıömeroğlu, G. Trans.)Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), 311-312.
  • Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal Of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134.
  • Epik, M. T., Çiçek, Ö., & Altay, S. (2017). The Changing / Unchanging Roles of the Family in the Historical Process as a Social Policy Tool. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 17(38), 35-58.
  • Ergönen, A. T., Biçen, E., & Ersoy, G. (2020). Domestic Violence in the COVID-19 Outbreak. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25(COVID-19 Sp. I.), 48-57.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, And Policy.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 1-7.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
  • Hatun, O., Dicle, A. N., & Demirci, İ. (2020). Psychological Reflections of the Coronavirus Outbreak and Coping with the Pandemic. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
  • Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased risk for family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1).
  • Inchausti, F., MacBeth, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., & Dimaggio, G. (2020). Psychological intervention and COVID-19: What we know so far and what we can do. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50, 243-250.
  • Ioannidis, J. P., Axfors, C., & Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G. (2020). Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environmental research, 188, 109890.
  • Karataş, Z., Uzun, K., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). Relationships Between the Life Satisfaction, Meaning in Life, Hope and COVID-19 Fear for Turkish Adults During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 778.
  • Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104709.
  • Lebow, J. L. (2020). Family in the age of COVID‐19. Family Process.
  • Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112.
  • Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Lee, J. Y., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2021). Parental social isolation and child maltreatment risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1.
  • Liu, C. H., & Doan, S. N. (2020). Psychosocial stress contagion in children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(9-10), 853-855.
  • Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection, 80(6), e14-e18.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
  • Öngören, S. (2021). The Pandemic Period and the Parent-Child Relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(1), 94-110.
  • Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., ... & Davis, M. M. (2020). Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. Pediatrics, 146(4).
  • Prasso, S. (2020). China’s divorce spike is a warning to rest of locked-down world. Bloomberg Businessweek, 31.
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist.
  • Reardon, S. (2015). Ebola’s mental-health wounds linger in Africa. Nature News, 519(7541), 13.
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066.
  • Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent–child relationship. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(5), 671-682.
  • Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 41-45.
  • Sharma, S., Bansal, R., Parashar, P., Ahmad, S., Kumar, A., & Kumar, A. (2020). Stress and Depression Among People Admitted in a COVID 19 Quarantine Centre of North India. Subharti J Interdiscip Res, 3.
  • Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 169-191.
  • Stankovska, G., Memedi, I., & Dimitrovski, D. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 disease, mental health and psychosocial support. Society Register, 4(2), 33-48.
  • Sun, Q., Qin, Q., Basta, M., Chen, B., & Li, Y. (2021). Psychological reactions and insomnia in adults with mental health disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1-10.
  • Tamer, M. G. (2017). Evaluation of "Home Care Service" in the Light of the Experiences of Women Caring for Elderly Patients. Hacettepe University Turkish Studies (HUTS), (26), 157-186.
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232.
  • Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Examining the psychological resilience of individuals between the ages of 20-60 in terms of some variables after the coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 159-174.
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2).
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
  • World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019. Accessed 22 Mart 2021.

Pandemi Sürecinde Annelerin Koronavirüs Hastalığı Korkusu ve Anne-Çocuk İletişimi

Year 2021, , 245 - 256, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.971643

Abstract

Türkiye salgının ağırlaşmaya başladığı ilk günlerden bugüne COVID-19 virüsünün neden olduğu vaka sayısı ve ölüm oranlarında oldukça kötü bir tablo sergilemektedir. Salgının kötü boyutlara ulaştığı tüm ülkelerde olduğu gibi kısıtlama ve yasaklamalar devreye sokulmaktadır. Hem salgın hem de kısıtlamaların toplum üzerinde çok boyutlu etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada annelerin çeşitli değişkenler açısından COVID-19 korkusu ve bu korkunun anne-çocuk iletişimindeki etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çevrimiçi veri toplama yolu ile 48-72 aylık çocuğu olan 316 anneden bilgi toplandı. Çalışma sonucunda annelerin COVID-19 korkusu ile çalışma hayatının olması, yaşı ve evde bir aile büyüğü ile birlikte yaşıyor olması arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Yapılan regresyon modeli sonucunda ise anne-çocuk iletişim ile COVID-19 korkusu arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (R=.324, R²=.150 p<05). Çalışmanın son bulgusu anne-çocuk iletişiminin %15.2’sinin modeldeki COVID-19 korkusu tarafından açıklandığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, salgın sırasında ve sonrasında psiko-sosyal destek faaliyetlerinin çocuk ve aile refahını kapsayacak bir çerçevede düzenlenmesi önerilmektedir.

References

  • Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
  • Bahar, O., & İlal, N. Ç. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus (Covid-19) on the tourism industry. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6 (1), 125-139.
  • Barua, S. (2020). Understanding Coronanomics: The economic implications of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
  • Beland, L. P., Brodeur, A., Haddad, J., & Mikola, D. (2020). Covid-19, family stress and domestic violence: Remote work, isolation and bargaining power.
  • Bong, C. L., Brasher, C., Chikumba, E., McDougall, R., Mellin-Olsen, J., & Enright, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: effects on low-and middle-income countries. Anesthesia and Analgesia.
  • Bostan, S., Erdem, R., Öztürk, Y. E., Kılıç, T., & Yılmaz, A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Turkish Society. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6).
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches research design. (Hacıömeroğlu, G. Trans.)Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), 311-312.
  • Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal Of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134.
  • Epik, M. T., Çiçek, Ö., & Altay, S. (2017). The Changing / Unchanging Roles of the Family in the Historical Process as a Social Policy Tool. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 17(38), 35-58.
  • Ergönen, A. T., Biçen, E., & Ersoy, G. (2020). Domestic Violence in the COVID-19 Outbreak. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25(COVID-19 Sp. I.), 48-57.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, And Policy.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 1-7.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).
  • Hatun, O., Dicle, A. N., & Demirci, İ. (2020). Psychological Reflections of the Coronavirus Outbreak and Coping with the Pandemic. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
  • Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased risk for family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1).
  • Inchausti, F., MacBeth, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., & Dimaggio, G. (2020). Psychological intervention and COVID-19: What we know so far and what we can do. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50, 243-250.
  • Ioannidis, J. P., Axfors, C., & Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G. (2020). Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environmental research, 188, 109890.
  • Karataş, Z., Uzun, K., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). Relationships Between the Life Satisfaction, Meaning in Life, Hope and COVID-19 Fear for Turkish Adults During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 778.
  • Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 104709.
  • Lebow, J. L. (2020). Family in the age of COVID‐19. Family Process.
  • Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112.
  • Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Lee, J. Y., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2021). Parental social isolation and child maltreatment risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  • Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1.
  • Liu, C. H., & Doan, S. N. (2020). Psychosocial stress contagion in children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(9-10), 853-855.
  • Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection, 80(6), e14-e18.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
  • Öngören, S. (2021). The Pandemic Period and the Parent-Child Relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(1), 94-110.
  • Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., ... & Davis, M. M. (2020). Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. Pediatrics, 146(4).
  • Prasso, S. (2020). China’s divorce spike is a warning to rest of locked-down world. Bloomberg Businessweek, 31.
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist.
  • Reardon, S. (2015). Ebola’s mental-health wounds linger in Africa. Nature News, 519(7541), 13.
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066.
  • Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent–child relationship. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(5), 671-682.
  • Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 41-45.
  • Sharma, S., Bansal, R., Parashar, P., Ahmad, S., Kumar, A., & Kumar, A. (2020). Stress and Depression Among People Admitted in a COVID 19 Quarantine Centre of North India. Subharti J Interdiscip Res, 3.
  • Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 169-191.
  • Stankovska, G., Memedi, I., & Dimitrovski, D. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19 disease, mental health and psychosocial support. Society Register, 4(2), 33-48.
  • Sun, Q., Qin, Q., Basta, M., Chen, B., & Li, Y. (2021). Psychological reactions and insomnia in adults with mental health disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1-10.
  • Tamer, M. G. (2017). Evaluation of "Home Care Service" in the Light of the Experiences of Women Caring for Elderly Patients. Hacettepe University Turkish Studies (HUTS), (26), 157-186.
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232.
  • Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Examining the psychological resilience of individuals between the ages of 20-60 in terms of some variables after the coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 159-174.
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2).
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
  • World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019. Accessed 22 Mart 2021.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

Hülya Kurt 0000-0002-0211-1463

Publication Date December 29, 2021
Acceptance Date September 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

AMA Kurt H. Pandemi Sürecinde Annelerin Koronavirüs Hastalığı Korkusu ve Anne-Çocuk İletişimi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. December 2021;13(Ek 1):245-256. doi:10.18863/pgy.971643

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