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Suicide in Children and Adolescents

Year 2013, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 30 - 47, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130503

Abstract

Every year, almost one million people commit suicide worldwide which is approximately 1.5% of all deaths. Thus suicide is 10th leading cause of death globally and the third leading cause of death among children and adolescents ages 10 to 24 years. Little is known about the characteristics of successive attempts among individuals who survive the first suicide attempt. It is very important to identify risk factors that can be predictive of future suicide attempts. Subjects with one suicide attempt had an increased risk for a future attempt. Most children and adolescents with suicidal behavior have at least one psychiatric disorder with mood disorders being the most common. A thorough examination of risk factors, the impact of suicidal behavior on patients and on their families and communities, and recommended directions for future research are main focus of this review.

References

  • World Health Organization. Suicide Prevention (Supre). http://www.who.int/ mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/index.html (Access date: 002012).
  • Genevro JL, Marshall T, Miller T, Center for the Advancement of Health. Report on bereavement and grief research. Death Stud 2004; 28:491-575.
  • Lindqvist P, Johansson L, Karlsson U. In the aftermath of teenage suicide: a qualitative study of the psychosocial consequences for the surviving family members. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:26.
  • Gould MS, King R, Greenwald S, Fisher P, Schwab-Stone M, Kramer R et al. Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:915-923.
  • Miranda R, Scott M, Hicks R, Wilcox HC, Harris Munfakh JL, Shaffer D. Suicide attempt characteristics, diagnoses, and future attempts: comparing multiple attempters to single attempters and ideators. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:32-40.
  • Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Erkanli A, Reboussin BA, Mayfield A, Frazier PH et al. Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: developmental changes. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:281-290.
  • Bebbington PE, Cooper C, Minot S, Brugha TS, Jenkins R, Meltzer H et al. Suicide attempts, gender, and sexual abuse: data from the 2000 British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1135-1140.
  • Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Ross J, Hawkins J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2009. MMWR Surveill Summ 2010; 59:11
  • Arria AM, O'Grady KE, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Wilcox HC, Wish ED. Suicide ideation among college students: a multivariate analysis. Arch Suicide Res 2009; 13:230-246.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online].]. Fatal Injury Reports, National and Regional, 1999 - 2009. Available from URL: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html (Accessed date: 002012).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Avaliable from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/ youth_suicide.html (Access date: 06.08.2012).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Methods of suicide among persons aged 10-19 years--United States, 1992-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53:471-474.
  • Kokkevi A, Richardson C, Olszewski D, Matias J, Monshouwer K, Bjarnason T. Multiple substance use and self-reported suicide attempts by adolescents in 16 European countries. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:443-450.
  • WHO. Supre (Suicide prevention) World Suicide Prevention Day, 10 September 2009: Suicide prevention in different cultures, WHO statement. http://www.who.int/mental_health/ prevention/suicide/ wspd_2008_statement.pdf (Access date: 06.08.2012).
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İntihar İstatistikleri 2011. www.turkstat.gov.tr (Access date: 04.08.2012).
  • Asirdizer M, Yavuz MS, Aydin SD, Dizdar MG. Suicides in Turkey between 1996 and 2005 general perspective. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31:138-145.
  • Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:339-348.
  • Valtonen HM, Suominen K, Haukka J, Mantere O, Leppämäki S, Arvilommi P et al. Differences in incidence of suicide attempts during phases of bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10:588-596.
  • Çelik G, Yıldırım V, Metin Ö, Tahiroğlu A, Toros F, Avcı A et al. Özkıyım girişimi olan ergenlerde ruhsal bozukluklar, benlik ve aile işlevselliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2011; 12:280-286.
  • Cash SJ, Bridge JA. Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:613-619.
  • Vijayakumar L, Kumar MS, Vijayakumar V. Substance use and suicide. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011; 24:197-202.
  • Miller M, Borges G, Orozco R, Mukamal K, Rimm EB, Benjet C et al. Exposure to alcohol, drugs and tobacco and the risk of subsequent suicidality: findings from the Mexican Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 113:110
  • Innamorati M, Lested D, Amore M, Girardi P, Tatarelli R, Pompili M. Alcohol consumption predicts the EU suicide rates in young women aged 15–29 years but not in men: analysis of trends and differences among early and new EU countries since 200 Alcohol 2010; 44:463-469.
  • Swahn MH, Bossarte RM, Ashby JS, Meyers J. Preteen alcohol use initiation and suicide attempts among middle and high school students: findings from the 2006 Georgia Student Health Survey. Addict Behav 2010; 35:452-458.
  • Kim DS, Kim HS. Early initiation of alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and sexual intercourse linked to suicidal ideation and attempts: findings from the 2006 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:18–26.
  • Gould MS, Fisher P, Parides M, Flory M, Shaffer D. Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:1155-1162.
  • Epstein JA, Spirito A. Risk factors for suicidality among a nationally representative sample of high school students. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009; 39:241-251.
  • Liu X, Gentzler AL, George CJ, Kovacs M. Responses to depressed mood and suicide attempt in young adults with a history of childhood-onset mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:644-652.
  • Akbaş S, Kesebir S, Böke Ö, Karabekiroğlu K, Sarısoy G, Pazvantoğlu O et al. Hastaneye basvurusu ozkıyım girisimiyle olan ve olmayan major depresif bozukluklu ergenlerin ve annelerinin mizaç ozellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2010;11:9-17.
  • Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Schweers J, Balach L et al. Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89:52-58.
  • Johnson JG, Cohen P, Gould MS, Kasen S, Brown J, Brook JS. Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:741-749.
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1365-1374.
  • Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Stanley B, Tin A, Oquendo M, Birmaher B et al. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:584-596. Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J. Suicidal behavior runs in families. A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:1145-1152.
  • Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:801-807.
  • Diaconu G, Turecki G. Family history of suicidal behavior predicts impulsiveaggressive behavior levels in psychiatric outpatients. J Affect Disord 2009; 113:1721
  • McGirr A, Alda M, Séguin M, Cabot S, Lesage A, Turecki G. Familial aggregation of suicide explained by cluster B traits: a three-group family study of suicide controlling for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1124-34..
  • Kim CD, Séguin M, Therrien N, Riopel G, Chawky N, Lesage AD et al. Familial aggregation of suicidal behavior: a family study of male suicide completers from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1017-1019
  • Asberg M, Träskman L, Thorén P. 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid. A biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:1193-1197.
  • Ramamoorthy S, Bauman AL, Moore KR, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang AS et al. Antidepressant and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90:254225
  • Arango V, Underwood MD, Boldrini M, Tamir H, Kassir SA, Hsiung S et al. Serotonin 1A receptors, serotonin transporter binding and serotonin transporter mRNA expression in the brainstem of depressed suicide victims. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:892-903.
  • Mann JJ, Brent DA, Arango V. The neurobiology and genetics of suicide and attempted suicide: a focus on the serotonergic system. Europsychopharmacology 2001; 24:467–477.
  • Neves FS, Malloy-Diniz LF, Romano-Silva MA, Aguiar GC, de Matos LO, Correa H. Is the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) a potential marker for suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients? J Affect Disord 2010; 125:98-102.
  • Wang S, Zhang K, Xu Y, Sun N, Shen Y, Xu Q. An association study of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes with the suicidal ideation of major depression in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2009; 170:204-207.
  • Perroud N, Neidhart E, Petit B, Vessaz M, Laforge T, Relecom C et al. Simultaneous analysis of serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 gene expression in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:909-918.
  • Prigerson HG, Bierhals AJ, Kasl SV, Reynolds CF 3rd, Shear MK, Day N et al. Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:616-623
  • Ness DE, Pfeffer CR. Sequelae of bereavement resulting from suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:279-285.
  • Calhoun LG, Allen BG. Social reactions to the survivor of a suicide in the family: A review of the literature. Omega 1991; 23: 95-107.
  • Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Richardson D, Canobbio R et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in peers of adolescent suicide victims: predisposing factors and phenomenology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:209-215. Bridge JA, Day NL, Day R, Richardson GA, Birmaher B, Brent DA. Major depressive disorder in adolescents exposed to a friend’s suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:1294-1300.
  • Melhem NM, Day N, Shear MK, Day R, Reynolds CF 3rd, Brent D. Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer's suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:141114
  • Borowsky IW, Ireland M, Resnick MD. Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors. Pediatrics 2001; 107:485-493.
  • Gould MS, Velting D, Kleinman M, Lucas C, Thomas JG, Chung M. Teenagers' attitudes about coping strategies and help-seeking behavior for suicidality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:1124-1133.
  • Cohen-Sandler R, Berman AL, King RA. Life stress and symptomatology: determinants of suicide behavior in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1982; 21:178-186.
  • Zenere FJ, Lazarus PJ. The decline of youth suicidal behaviour in an urban, multicultural public school system following the introduction of a suicide prevention and intervention programme. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1997; 27:387-403.
  • Scott MA, Wilcox HC, Schonfeld IS, Davies M, Hicks RC, Turner JB et al. Schoolbased screening to identify at-risk students not already known to school professionals: the Columbia suicide screen. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:334-339.
  • Brent DA, Baugher M, Bridge J, Chen T, Chiappetta L. Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:1497150
  • Etzersdorfer E., Sonneck G. Preventing suicide by influencing mass-media reporting: the Viennese experience 1980–1996. Arch Suicide Res 1998; 4:67–74.
  • Gould MS, Greenberg T, Munfakh JL, Kleinman M, Lubell K. Teenagers' attitudes about seeking help from telephone crisis services (hotlines). Suicide Life Threat Behav 2006; 36:601-613.
  • Gould MS, Kalafat J, Harrismunfakh JL, Kleinman M. An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes. Part 2: Suicidal callers. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37:338-352.
  • Voelker R. SSRI use common in children. JAMA 1999; 281:1882.
  • Olfson M, Gameroff MJ, Marcus SC, Greenberg T, Shaffer D. National trends in hospitalization of youth with intentional self-inflicted injuries. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1328-1335.
  • Campo JV. Youth suicide prevention: does access to care matter? Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:628-634.
  • Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1356-1363.
  • Katz LY, Kozyrskyj AL, Prior HJ, Enns MW, Cox BJ, Sareen J. Effect of regulatory warnings on antidepressant prescription rates, use of health services and outcomes among children, adolescents and young adults. CMAJ 2008; 178:1005-1011.
  • Bulut ER, Küçüker H, Bulut NS. İntiharın kısa tarihçesinden sebep ve yöntemlerine genel bir bakış. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi 2012; 34:128-137.
  • Dursun Karaman, Uzm. Dr., GATA, Ankara; İbrahim Durukan, Yrd.Doç. Dr., GATA,Ankara. Yazışma Adresi/Correspondence: Dursun Karaman, Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: dursunkaraman@gmail.com Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir. The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çevrimiçi adresi / Available online at: www.cappsy.org/archives/vol5/no1/ Çevrimiçi yayım / Published online 05 Kasım/November 05, 2012; doi:10.5455/cap.20130503

Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Özkıyım

Year 2013, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 30 - 47, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130503

Abstract

Her yıl tüm dünyada yaklaşık bir milyon insan özkıyım nedeniyle hayatını kaybetmekte ve bu dünyadaki tüm ölümlerin %1.5'ini oluşturmaktadır. Özkıyım genel olarak erişkinlerde ölüm nedenleri arasında 10. sırada yer alırken 10-24 yaş arasındaki çocuk ve ergenlerde ölüm nedenleri arasında üçüncü sıradadır. İlk özkıyım girişiminde hayatta kalanlar arasında daha sonra özkıyımı tamamlayanların karakteristikleri hakkındaki bilgi azdır. Muhtemel bir özkıyım girişimini kestirmeye yarayabilecek risk faktörlerini tanımak çok önemlidir. Bir kez özkıyım girişiminde bulunan birisinin tekrar özkıyım girişiminde bulunma riski artmıştır. Özkıyım davranışı olan çoğu çocuk ve ergen başta duygudurum bozukluğu olmak üzere en azından bir psikiyatrik bozukluğa sahiptir. Risk faktörlerinin araştırılması, özkıyımın aileler ve toplum üzerindeki etkisi, gelecekteki araştırmalara tavsiyeler bu gözden geçirmenin amaçları arasında bulunmaktadır.

References

  • World Health Organization. Suicide Prevention (Supre). http://www.who.int/ mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/index.html (Access date: 002012).
  • Genevro JL, Marshall T, Miller T, Center for the Advancement of Health. Report on bereavement and grief research. Death Stud 2004; 28:491-575.
  • Lindqvist P, Johansson L, Karlsson U. In the aftermath of teenage suicide: a qualitative study of the psychosocial consequences for the surviving family members. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:26.
  • Gould MS, King R, Greenwald S, Fisher P, Schwab-Stone M, Kramer R et al. Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:915-923.
  • Miranda R, Scott M, Hicks R, Wilcox HC, Harris Munfakh JL, Shaffer D. Suicide attempt characteristics, diagnoses, and future attempts: comparing multiple attempters to single attempters and ideators. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:32-40.
  • Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Erkanli A, Reboussin BA, Mayfield A, Frazier PH et al. Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: developmental changes. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:281-290.
  • Bebbington PE, Cooper C, Minot S, Brugha TS, Jenkins R, Meltzer H et al. Suicide attempts, gender, and sexual abuse: data from the 2000 British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1135-1140.
  • Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Ross J, Hawkins J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2009. MMWR Surveill Summ 2010; 59:11
  • Arria AM, O'Grady KE, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Wilcox HC, Wish ED. Suicide ideation among college students: a multivariate analysis. Arch Suicide Res 2009; 13:230-246.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online].]. Fatal Injury Reports, National and Regional, 1999 - 2009. Available from URL: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html (Accessed date: 002012).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Avaliable from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/ youth_suicide.html (Access date: 06.08.2012).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Methods of suicide among persons aged 10-19 years--United States, 1992-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53:471-474.
  • Kokkevi A, Richardson C, Olszewski D, Matias J, Monshouwer K, Bjarnason T. Multiple substance use and self-reported suicide attempts by adolescents in 16 European countries. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:443-450.
  • WHO. Supre (Suicide prevention) World Suicide Prevention Day, 10 September 2009: Suicide prevention in different cultures, WHO statement. http://www.who.int/mental_health/ prevention/suicide/ wspd_2008_statement.pdf (Access date: 06.08.2012).
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İntihar İstatistikleri 2011. www.turkstat.gov.tr (Access date: 04.08.2012).
  • Asirdizer M, Yavuz MS, Aydin SD, Dizdar MG. Suicides in Turkey between 1996 and 2005 general perspective. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010; 31:138-145.
  • Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:339-348.
  • Valtonen HM, Suominen K, Haukka J, Mantere O, Leppämäki S, Arvilommi P et al. Differences in incidence of suicide attempts during phases of bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10:588-596.
  • Çelik G, Yıldırım V, Metin Ö, Tahiroğlu A, Toros F, Avcı A et al. Özkıyım girişimi olan ergenlerde ruhsal bozukluklar, benlik ve aile işlevselliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2011; 12:280-286.
  • Cash SJ, Bridge JA. Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:613-619.
  • Vijayakumar L, Kumar MS, Vijayakumar V. Substance use and suicide. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011; 24:197-202.
  • Miller M, Borges G, Orozco R, Mukamal K, Rimm EB, Benjet C et al. Exposure to alcohol, drugs and tobacco and the risk of subsequent suicidality: findings from the Mexican Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 113:110
  • Innamorati M, Lested D, Amore M, Girardi P, Tatarelli R, Pompili M. Alcohol consumption predicts the EU suicide rates in young women aged 15–29 years but not in men: analysis of trends and differences among early and new EU countries since 200 Alcohol 2010; 44:463-469.
  • Swahn MH, Bossarte RM, Ashby JS, Meyers J. Preteen alcohol use initiation and suicide attempts among middle and high school students: findings from the 2006 Georgia Student Health Survey. Addict Behav 2010; 35:452-458.
  • Kim DS, Kim HS. Early initiation of alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and sexual intercourse linked to suicidal ideation and attempts: findings from the 2006 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:18–26.
  • Gould MS, Fisher P, Parides M, Flory M, Shaffer D. Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:1155-1162.
  • Epstein JA, Spirito A. Risk factors for suicidality among a nationally representative sample of high school students. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009; 39:241-251.
  • Liu X, Gentzler AL, George CJ, Kovacs M. Responses to depressed mood and suicide attempt in young adults with a history of childhood-onset mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:644-652.
  • Akbaş S, Kesebir S, Böke Ö, Karabekiroğlu K, Sarısoy G, Pazvantoğlu O et al. Hastaneye basvurusu ozkıyım girisimiyle olan ve olmayan major depresif bozukluklu ergenlerin ve annelerinin mizaç ozellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2010;11:9-17.
  • Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Schweers J, Balach L et al. Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89:52-58.
  • Johnson JG, Cohen P, Gould MS, Kasen S, Brown J, Brook JS. Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:741-749.
  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1365-1374.
  • Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Stanley B, Tin A, Oquendo M, Birmaher B et al. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:584-596. Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J. Suicidal behavior runs in families. A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:1145-1152.
  • Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Stanley B et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:801-807.
  • Diaconu G, Turecki G. Family history of suicidal behavior predicts impulsiveaggressive behavior levels in psychiatric outpatients. J Affect Disord 2009; 113:1721
  • McGirr A, Alda M, Séguin M, Cabot S, Lesage A, Turecki G. Familial aggregation of suicide explained by cluster B traits: a three-group family study of suicide controlling for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1124-34..
  • Kim CD, Séguin M, Therrien N, Riopel G, Chawky N, Lesage AD et al. Familial aggregation of suicidal behavior: a family study of male suicide completers from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1017-1019
  • Asberg M, Träskman L, Thorén P. 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid. A biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:1193-1197.
  • Ramamoorthy S, Bauman AL, Moore KR, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang AS et al. Antidepressant and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90:254225
  • Arango V, Underwood MD, Boldrini M, Tamir H, Kassir SA, Hsiung S et al. Serotonin 1A receptors, serotonin transporter binding and serotonin transporter mRNA expression in the brainstem of depressed suicide victims. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:892-903.
  • Mann JJ, Brent DA, Arango V. The neurobiology and genetics of suicide and attempted suicide: a focus on the serotonergic system. Europsychopharmacology 2001; 24:467–477.
  • Neves FS, Malloy-Diniz LF, Romano-Silva MA, Aguiar GC, de Matos LO, Correa H. Is the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) a potential marker for suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients? J Affect Disord 2010; 125:98-102.
  • Wang S, Zhang K, Xu Y, Sun N, Shen Y, Xu Q. An association study of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes with the suicidal ideation of major depression in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2009; 170:204-207.
  • Perroud N, Neidhart E, Petit B, Vessaz M, Laforge T, Relecom C et al. Simultaneous analysis of serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 gene expression in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:909-918.
  • Prigerson HG, Bierhals AJ, Kasl SV, Reynolds CF 3rd, Shear MK, Day N et al. Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:616-623
  • Ness DE, Pfeffer CR. Sequelae of bereavement resulting from suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:279-285.
  • Calhoun LG, Allen BG. Social reactions to the survivor of a suicide in the family: A review of the literature. Omega 1991; 23: 95-107.
  • Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Richardson D, Canobbio R et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in peers of adolescent suicide victims: predisposing factors and phenomenology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34:209-215. Bridge JA, Day NL, Day R, Richardson GA, Birmaher B, Brent DA. Major depressive disorder in adolescents exposed to a friend’s suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:1294-1300.
  • Melhem NM, Day N, Shear MK, Day R, Reynolds CF 3rd, Brent D. Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer's suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:141114
  • Borowsky IW, Ireland M, Resnick MD. Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors. Pediatrics 2001; 107:485-493.
  • Gould MS, Velting D, Kleinman M, Lucas C, Thomas JG, Chung M. Teenagers' attitudes about coping strategies and help-seeking behavior for suicidality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:1124-1133.
  • Cohen-Sandler R, Berman AL, King RA. Life stress and symptomatology: determinants of suicide behavior in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1982; 21:178-186.
  • Zenere FJ, Lazarus PJ. The decline of youth suicidal behaviour in an urban, multicultural public school system following the introduction of a suicide prevention and intervention programme. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1997; 27:387-403.
  • Scott MA, Wilcox HC, Schonfeld IS, Davies M, Hicks RC, Turner JB et al. Schoolbased screening to identify at-risk students not already known to school professionals: the Columbia suicide screen. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:334-339.
  • Brent DA, Baugher M, Bridge J, Chen T, Chiappetta L. Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:1497150
  • Etzersdorfer E., Sonneck G. Preventing suicide by influencing mass-media reporting: the Viennese experience 1980–1996. Arch Suicide Res 1998; 4:67–74.
  • Gould MS, Greenberg T, Munfakh JL, Kleinman M, Lubell K. Teenagers' attitudes about seeking help from telephone crisis services (hotlines). Suicide Life Threat Behav 2006; 36:601-613.
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Dursun Karaman This is me

İbrahim Durukan This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Karaman D, Durukan İ. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Özkıyım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. March 2013;5(1):30-47. doi:10.5455/cap.20130503

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