BibTex RIS Cite

Social Anxiety Disorder and Mood Disorders Comorbidity

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 01.03.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120401

Abstract

Social Anxiety Disorder is a common disorder leading functional impairment. The comorbidity between mood disorders with social anxiety disorder is relatively common. This comorbidity impacts the clinical severity, resistance and functionality of patients. The systematic evaluation of the comorbidity in both patient groups should not be ignored and be carefully conducted. In general, social anxiety disorder starts at an earlier age than mood disorders and is reported to be predictor for subsequent major depression. The absence of comorbidity in patients with social anxiety disorder is a predictor of good response to treatment. In bipolar disorder patients with comorbid social anxiety disorder, there is an increased level of general psychopathology. Besides, they have poor outcome and increased risk of suicide. In this article, comorbidity between these two disorders has been evaluated in detail.

References

  • Evren C. Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ve alkol kullanım bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2010; 2:473-515.
  • Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: Prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68:235–243.
  • Memik NÇ, Yıldız Ö, Tural Ü, Ağaoğlu B. Sosyal fobinin yaygınlığı: bir gözden geçirme. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2011; 48:4-10.
  • Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S et al. Lifetime and 12- month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19.
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:593-768.
  • Acarturk C, de Graaf R, van Straten A, Have MT, Cuijpers P. Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking: A population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43:273-279.
  • Grant BF, Hasin DS, Blanco C, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Goldstein RB et al. The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1351-1361.
  • Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 2008; 38:15-28.
  • Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Liebowitz MR, Weissman MM. Social phobia: Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:282-288.
  • Wells JC, Tien AY, Garrison R, Eaton WW: Risk factors for the incidence of social phobia as determined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule in a population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90:84-90.
  • Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO. Textbook of Anxiety Disorder, Second edition. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009.
  • Kessler RC, Stang P, Wittchen HU, Stein M, Walters EE Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US national comorbidity survey. Psychol Med 1999; 29:555-567.
  • Davidson JRT, Huges DL, George LK, Blazer DG. The epidemiology of social phobia: Findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Psychol Med 1993; 23:709-718.
  • Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Stein MB. Considering comorbidity in social phobia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003; 38:728-734.
  • Magee WJ, EatonWW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC. Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:159-168.
  • Dick CL, Sowa B, Bland RC, Newman SC. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton: Phobic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 376(Suppl):36-44.
  • Dilbaz N, Güz H. Sosyal kaygı bozukluğunda cinsiyet farklılıkları. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2002; 39:79-86.
  • Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Styan G, Donison D. Relationship of social phobia with other psychiatric illness. J Affect Disord 1991; 21:93-99.
  • Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Ramaciotti S Nassini S, Toni C, Milanfranchi A et al. Depressive comorbidity of panic, social phobic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders re-examined: Is there a bipolar II connection? Psychiatr Res 1999; 33:53-61.
  • Perugi G, Frare F, Toni C, Mata B, Akiskal HS. Bipolar II and unipolar comorbidity in 153 outpatients with social phobia. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42:375-381.
  • Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2001; 110:585-599.
  • Alpert KE, Uebelacker LA, McLean NE, Nierenberg AA, Pava JA, Worthington JJ et al. Social phobia, avoidant personality disorder and atypical depression: co-occurrence and clinical implications. Psychol Med 1997; 27:627-633.
  • Fava M, Rankin MA, Wright EC, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Pava J et al. Anxiety disorders in major depression. Compr Psychiatry 2000; 41:97-102.
  • Rush AJ, Zimmerman M, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Hollon SD, Warden D et al. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in depressed outpatients: demographic and clinical features. J Affect Disord 2005; 87:43-55.
  • Parker G, Wilhelm K, Asghari A. Early onset depression: the relevance of anxiety. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1997; 32:30-37.
  • Parker G, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Austin MP, Roussos J, Gladstone G. The influence of anxiety as a risk to early onset major depression. J Affect Disord 1999; 52:11-17.
  • Schatzberg AF, Samson JA, Rothschild AJ, Bond TC, Regier DA. McLean Hospital depression research facility: early-onset phobic disorders and adult-onset major depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1998; 34:29-34.
  • Weiller E, Bisserbe JC, Boyer P, Lepine JP, Lecrubier Y. Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognized undertreated disabling disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168:169-174.
  • Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Muller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:251-256.
  • Bittner A, Goodwin RD, Wittchen HU, Beesdo K, Höfler M, Lieb R. What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:618-626.
  • Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R et al. Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:903-912.
  • Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:56-64.
  • Vriends N, Becker ES, Meyer A, Williams SL, Lutz R, Margraf J. Recovery from social phobia in the community and its predictors: data from a longitudinal epidemiological study. J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21:320-337.
  • Belzer K, Schneier FR. Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract 2004; 10:296-306.
  • Holma KM, Melartin TK, Holma IA, Isometsä ET. Predictors for switch from unipolar major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder type I or II: A 5-year prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1267-1275.
  • Himmelhoch JM. Social anxiety, hypomania and the bipolar spectrum: Data, theory and clinical issues. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:203-213.
  • Freeman MP, Freeman SA, Susan L, McElroy SL. The comorbidity ofbipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, andtreatment issues. J Affect Disord 2002; 68:1-23.
  • Szadoczky E, Papp ZS, Vitrai J, Rihmer Z, Furedi J. The prevalence of major depressive and bipolar disorders in Hungary. Results from a national epidemiologic survey. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:153-162.
  • Pini S, Maser JD, Dell'Osso L, Abelli M, Muti M, Gesi C, Cassano GB. Social anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with bipolar disorder: A clinical replication. J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20:1148-1157.
  • Tamam L. Bipolar bozukluk ile anksiyete bozukluğu birlikteliği: Bir gözden geçirme. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2007; 18:59-71.
  • Tamam L, Ozpoyraz N. Comorbidity of anxiety disorder among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Psychopathology 2002; 35:203-210.
  • McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PEJ, Frye MA, Denicoff KD et al. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:420-426.
  • Henry C, Van den Bulke D, Bellivier F, Etain B, Rouillon F, Leboyer M. Anxiety disorders in 318 bipolar patients: prevalence and impact on illness severity and response to mood stabilizer. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:331-335.
  • Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, Fossey M, Sagduyu K, Frank E et al. Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:2222-2229.
  • Boylan KR, Bieling PJ, Marriott M, Begin H, Young LT, MacQueen GM. Impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on outcome in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1106-1113.
  • Keller MB Prevalance and impact of comorbid anxiety and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(Suppl 1):5-7.
  • Cassano GB, Pini S, Saettoni M, Dell'Osso L. Multiple anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with mood spectrum disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:474-476.
  • Koyuncu A, Tukel R, Ozyildirim I, Meteris H, Yazici O. Impact of obsessive- compulsive disorder comorbidity on the sociodemographic and clinical features of patients with bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:293-297.
  • Perlis RH, Miyahara S, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Ostacher M, DelBello MP et al. Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: Data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:875-881.
  • Perroud N, Baud P, Preisig M, Etain B, Bellivier F, Favre S et al. Social phobia is associated with suicide attempt history in bipolar inpatients. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9:713-721.
  • Feske U, Frank E, Mallinger AG, Houck PR, Fagiolini A, Shear MK et al. Anxiety as a correlate of response to the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:956-962.
  • Young LT, Cooke RG, Robb JC, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Anxious and non-anxious bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 1993; 29:49-52.
  • Aronson TA, Shukla S, Hirschowitz J. Clonazepam treatment of five lithium- refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:77-80.
  • MacKinnon DF, Xu J, McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, Stine OC, McInnis MG et al. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: An analysis of chromosome 18 data. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:829-831.
  • Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:143-151.
  • Chen YW, Dilsaver SC Comorbidity of panic disorder in bipolar illness: Evidence from the Epidemiological Catchment Area survey. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:280- 282.
  • Chen YW, Dilsaver SC. Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders. Psychiatry Res 1995; 59:57-64.
  • Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C, Abelson JM, Zhao S. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychol Med 1997; 27:1079-1089.
  • Cassidy F, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll BJ. Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:187-201.
  • Dilsaver SC, Chen YW, Swann AC, Shoaib AM, Tsai-Dilsaver Y, Krajewski KJ. Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Psychiatry Res 1997; 73:47-56.
  • Post RM, Rubinow DR, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Linnoila M, Rosoff A et al. Dysphoric mania: Clinical and biological correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:353-358.
  • Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, Calabrese JR, Petty F, Small J et al. Depression during mania: Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:37-42.
  • Perugi G, Toni C, Akiskal HS. Anxious-bipolar comorbidity: Diagnostic and treatment challenges. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 22:565-583.
  • Akiskal HS, Rosenthal RH, Rosenthal TL, Kashgarian M, Khani MK, Puzantian VR. Differentiation of primary affective illness from situational, symptomatic, and secondary depressions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36:635-643.
  • Zerrin Binbay, Uzm.Dr., Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi,İstanbul; Ahmet Koyuncu,
  • Uzm.Dr., Bahat Hastaneler Grubu, İstanbul

Sosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğu ve Duygudurum Bozukluğu Eştanısı

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 01.03.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120401

Abstract

Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu toplumda oldukça yaygın görülen ve işlev kaybına neden olan bir bozukluktur. Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ve duygudurum bozukluğu olan birlikteliği sık görülür. Bu birliktelik varlığı klinik şiddeti, direnci ve işlevselliği etkilemektedir. Genel olarak sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu, duygudurum bozukluklarından daha erken başlar ve major depresyon için yordayıcıdır. Sosyal anksiyete hastalarında eştanı yokluğu tedaviye iyi yanıtın göstergesidir. Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu eştanısı alan bipolar bozukluk hastaların genel psikopatoloji düzeyinin arttığı, hastalık sürecinin olumsuz etkilendiği ve özkıyım riskinin arttığı saptanmıştır. Bu yazıda bu iki bozukluk arasındaki birliktelik ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Evren C. Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ve alkol kullanım bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2010; 2:473-515.
  • Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: Prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68:235–243.
  • Memik NÇ, Yıldız Ö, Tural Ü, Ağaoğlu B. Sosyal fobinin yaygınlığı: bir gözden geçirme. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2011; 48:4-10.
  • Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S et al. Lifetime and 12- month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19.
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:593-768.
  • Acarturk C, de Graaf R, van Straten A, Have MT, Cuijpers P. Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking: A population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43:273-279.
  • Grant BF, Hasin DS, Blanco C, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Goldstein RB et al. The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1351-1361.
  • Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 2008; 38:15-28.
  • Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Liebowitz MR, Weissman MM. Social phobia: Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:282-288.
  • Wells JC, Tien AY, Garrison R, Eaton WW: Risk factors for the incidence of social phobia as determined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule in a population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90:84-90.
  • Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO. Textbook of Anxiety Disorder, Second edition. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009.
  • Kessler RC, Stang P, Wittchen HU, Stein M, Walters EE Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US national comorbidity survey. Psychol Med 1999; 29:555-567.
  • Davidson JRT, Huges DL, George LK, Blazer DG. The epidemiology of social phobia: Findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Psychol Med 1993; 23:709-718.
  • Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Stein MB. Considering comorbidity in social phobia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003; 38:728-734.
  • Magee WJ, EatonWW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC. Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:159-168.
  • Dick CL, Sowa B, Bland RC, Newman SC. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton: Phobic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 376(Suppl):36-44.
  • Dilbaz N, Güz H. Sosyal kaygı bozukluğunda cinsiyet farklılıkları. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2002; 39:79-86.
  • Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Styan G, Donison D. Relationship of social phobia with other psychiatric illness. J Affect Disord 1991; 21:93-99.
  • Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Ramaciotti S Nassini S, Toni C, Milanfranchi A et al. Depressive comorbidity of panic, social phobic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders re-examined: Is there a bipolar II connection? Psychiatr Res 1999; 33:53-61.
  • Perugi G, Frare F, Toni C, Mata B, Akiskal HS. Bipolar II and unipolar comorbidity in 153 outpatients with social phobia. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42:375-381.
  • Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2001; 110:585-599.
  • Alpert KE, Uebelacker LA, McLean NE, Nierenberg AA, Pava JA, Worthington JJ et al. Social phobia, avoidant personality disorder and atypical depression: co-occurrence and clinical implications. Psychol Med 1997; 27:627-633.
  • Fava M, Rankin MA, Wright EC, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Pava J et al. Anxiety disorders in major depression. Compr Psychiatry 2000; 41:97-102.
  • Rush AJ, Zimmerman M, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Hollon SD, Warden D et al. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in depressed outpatients: demographic and clinical features. J Affect Disord 2005; 87:43-55.
  • Parker G, Wilhelm K, Asghari A. Early onset depression: the relevance of anxiety. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1997; 32:30-37.
  • Parker G, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Austin MP, Roussos J, Gladstone G. The influence of anxiety as a risk to early onset major depression. J Affect Disord 1999; 52:11-17.
  • Schatzberg AF, Samson JA, Rothschild AJ, Bond TC, Regier DA. McLean Hospital depression research facility: early-onset phobic disorders and adult-onset major depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1998; 34:29-34.
  • Weiller E, Bisserbe JC, Boyer P, Lepine JP, Lecrubier Y. Social phobia in general health care: an unrecognized undertreated disabling disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168:169-174.
  • Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Muller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:251-256.
  • Bittner A, Goodwin RD, Wittchen HU, Beesdo K, Höfler M, Lieb R. What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:618-626.
  • Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R et al. Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:903-912.
  • Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:56-64.
  • Vriends N, Becker ES, Meyer A, Williams SL, Lutz R, Margraf J. Recovery from social phobia in the community and its predictors: data from a longitudinal epidemiological study. J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21:320-337.
  • Belzer K, Schneier FR. Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract 2004; 10:296-306.
  • Holma KM, Melartin TK, Holma IA, Isometsä ET. Predictors for switch from unipolar major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder type I or II: A 5-year prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1267-1275.
  • Himmelhoch JM. Social anxiety, hypomania and the bipolar spectrum: Data, theory and clinical issues. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:203-213.
  • Freeman MP, Freeman SA, Susan L, McElroy SL. The comorbidity ofbipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, andtreatment issues. J Affect Disord 2002; 68:1-23.
  • Szadoczky E, Papp ZS, Vitrai J, Rihmer Z, Furedi J. The prevalence of major depressive and bipolar disorders in Hungary. Results from a national epidemiologic survey. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:153-162.
  • Pini S, Maser JD, Dell'Osso L, Abelli M, Muti M, Gesi C, Cassano GB. Social anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with bipolar disorder: A clinical replication. J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20:1148-1157.
  • Tamam L. Bipolar bozukluk ile anksiyete bozukluğu birlikteliği: Bir gözden geçirme. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2007; 18:59-71.
  • Tamam L, Ozpoyraz N. Comorbidity of anxiety disorder among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Psychopathology 2002; 35:203-210.
  • McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PEJ, Frye MA, Denicoff KD et al. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:420-426.
  • Henry C, Van den Bulke D, Bellivier F, Etain B, Rouillon F, Leboyer M. Anxiety disorders in 318 bipolar patients: prevalence and impact on illness severity and response to mood stabilizer. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:331-335.
  • Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, Fossey M, Sagduyu K, Frank E et al. Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:2222-2229.
  • Boylan KR, Bieling PJ, Marriott M, Begin H, Young LT, MacQueen GM. Impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on outcome in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1106-1113.
  • Keller MB Prevalance and impact of comorbid anxiety and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(Suppl 1):5-7.
  • Cassano GB, Pini S, Saettoni M, Dell'Osso L. Multiple anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients with mood spectrum disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:474-476.
  • Koyuncu A, Tukel R, Ozyildirim I, Meteris H, Yazici O. Impact of obsessive- compulsive disorder comorbidity on the sociodemographic and clinical features of patients with bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:293-297.
  • Perlis RH, Miyahara S, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Ostacher M, DelBello MP et al. Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: Data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:875-881.
  • Perroud N, Baud P, Preisig M, Etain B, Bellivier F, Favre S et al. Social phobia is associated with suicide attempt history in bipolar inpatients. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9:713-721.
  • Feske U, Frank E, Mallinger AG, Houck PR, Fagiolini A, Shear MK et al. Anxiety as a correlate of response to the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:956-962.
  • Young LT, Cooke RG, Robb JC, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Anxious and non-anxious bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 1993; 29:49-52.
  • Aronson TA, Shukla S, Hirschowitz J. Clonazepam treatment of five lithium- refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:77-80.
  • MacKinnon DF, Xu J, McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, Stine OC, McInnis MG et al. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: An analysis of chromosome 18 data. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:829-831.
  • Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:143-151.
  • Chen YW, Dilsaver SC Comorbidity of panic disorder in bipolar illness: Evidence from the Epidemiological Catchment Area survey. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:280- 282.
  • Chen YW, Dilsaver SC. Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders. Psychiatry Res 1995; 59:57-64.
  • Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C, Abelson JM, Zhao S. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychol Med 1997; 27:1079-1089.
  • Cassidy F, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll BJ. Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. J Affect Disord 1998; 50:187-201.
  • Dilsaver SC, Chen YW, Swann AC, Shoaib AM, Tsai-Dilsaver Y, Krajewski KJ. Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Psychiatry Res 1997; 73:47-56.
  • Post RM, Rubinow DR, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Linnoila M, Rosoff A et al. Dysphoric mania: Clinical and biological correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:353-358.
  • Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, Calabrese JR, Petty F, Small J et al. Depression during mania: Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:37-42.
  • Perugi G, Toni C, Akiskal HS. Anxious-bipolar comorbidity: Diagnostic and treatment challenges. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 22:565-583.
  • Akiskal HS, Rosenthal RH, Rosenthal TL, Kashgarian M, Khani MK, Puzantian VR. Differentiation of primary affective illness from situational, symptomatic, and secondary depressions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36:635-643.
  • Zerrin Binbay, Uzm.Dr., Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi,İstanbul; Ahmet Koyuncu,
  • Uzm.Dr., Bahat Hastaneler Grubu, İstanbul
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Zerrin Binbay This is me

Ahmet Koyuncu This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Binbay Z, Koyuncu A. Sosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğu ve Duygudurum Bozukluğu Eştanısı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. March 2012;4(1):1-13. doi:10.5455/cap.20120401

Creative Commons License
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.