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Ethics Training in Psychiatry

Year 2009, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 229 - 239, 01.09.2009

Abstract

Although ethics training is one of the core components of psychiatric education, it is not sufficiently addressed in the curricula of many educational institutions. It is shown that many of the psychiatry residents received no ethics training in both residency and medical school. Predictably, over half of the psychiatry residents had faced an ethical dilemma that they felt unprepared to meet, and nearly all of them indicated ethics education would have helped them to solve this dilemma. In addition to learning about the fundamental topics of ethics like confidentiality, boundary violations, justice, benefience and nonmaleficence, psychiatrists must also learn to deal with other hidden ethical dilemmas which are mostly due to the changing world order. It is obvious that residency training should include a well developed ethics curriculum. However, some still believe that ethical principles cannot be taught and are formed in one's early moral development. Accepting the fact that teaching ethics is difficult, we believe that it is getting easier with the new methods for teaching in medicine. These methods are clinical supervisions, rol-models, case studies, role playing, small group discussions, team based learning and "let's talking medicine" groups which is a useful methods for discussing ethics dilemmas on daily practice and C.A.R.E (Core Beliefs, Actions, Reasons, Experience) which is a special training method for teaching ethics. In this review, the need of ethics training in residency curriculum will be discussed and new methods for teaching ethics will be proposed.

References

  • University Of Notredame, Latin Dictionary And Grammar Aid. http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookit.pl?latin=doctor adresinden 26.01.2009 tarihinde indirilmiștir.
  • Türk Tabibleri Birliği Onur Kurulları İșlevleri Toplantısı Sonuç Bildirgesi: Hekim- ler ticari ilișkiler ağının basit bir parçası haline getirilmeye çalıșmakta. Tıp Dün- yası 2003; 15 Ekim, Sayı:112.
  • Buken NO, Yegenoglu S. Physician-industry relationships and promotion ethics in Turkey. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 2003; 20:379-389.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruh Hekimliği Meslek Etiği Kuralları. TPD, 22 Ekim 2002.
  • Bloch S. Teaching of psychiatric ethics. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136:300-301.
  • Michels R. Training in psychiatric ethics, in Psychiatric Ethics. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1981, pp. 295-305.
  • Jeffinek M, Parmelee D. Is there a role for medical ethics in postgraduate psychiatry courses? Am I Psychiatry 1977; 134:1438-1439.
  • Andre J. Learning to see: moral growth during medical training. J Med Ethics 1992; 18:148-152.
  • Coverdale JH, Bayer T, Isbell P, Moffic S. Are we teaching psychiatrists to be ethical? Acad Psychiatry 1992; 16:199-205.
  • Șemin S, Aras Ș. Temel yönleriyle psikiyatride etik. İzmir, Türkiye, Dokuz Eylül Yayınları, 2004; 68-72.
  • Roberts LW, McCarty T, Lyketsos C, Hardee JT, Jacobson J, Hough P et al. What and how psychiatry residents at ten programs wish to learn about ethics. Acad Psychiatry 1996; 20:131-143.
  • Savaș H, Çoșkun A, Hayran O, Gergerlioğlu S, Arkonaç O, Erkoç Ș. Türkiyede psikiyatristlerin aydınlatılmıș onam hakkında görüș ve tutumları. Gaziantep Tıp Dergisi 2001; 12:69-75.
  • Türk Tabipler Birliği Mezuniyet Öncesi Tıp Eğitimi Raporu Türk Tabipler Birliği Yayınları 1. Baskı Ankara, 2008.
  • Roberts LW, Hammond KG, Warner TD, Geppert CMA, Warner TD. The positive role of professionalism and ethics training in medical education: a comparison of medical student and resident perspectives. Acad Psychiatry 2004; 28:170– 182
  • Demir B, Oğuz Y. Psikiyatri eğitimi ve etik. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 1999; 2:95- 100.
  • Scheiber SC, Kramer TAM, Adamowski SE. Core competencies for psychiatric practice: what clinicans need to know. Arlington, U.S.A, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc 2003, pp. 71-105.
  • Alkın T, Aydemir Ö, Bașterzi AD, Gülöksüz S, Konuk N, Devrimci Özgüven H, et al. Psikiyatri Uzmanlık Eğitiminde Amaçlar ve hedefler. In: Alkın T, Tükel R, Ulușahin A.(eds) Psikiyatride Uzmanlık Eğitimi Yeterlik Ve Akreditasyonu TPD Psikiyatri Yeterlik Kurulu Çalıșmaları 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2009, s. 50-106.
  • Hoop J. Hidden ethical dilemmas in psychiatric residencytraining: the psychiatry resident as dual agent. Acad Psychiatry 2004; 28:183–189.
  • Kozlowska K, Nunn K, Cousens P. Adverse experiences in psychiatric training, part 2. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997; 31:641–652.
  • Mohammed M, Punwani M, Clay M, Appelbaum P. Protecting the residency training enviroment: a resident’s perspective on the ethical boundaries in the faculty-resident relationship. Acad Psychiatry 2005; 29:368-373.
  • Altınbas K, Altınbaș G, Türkcan A, Oral ET. Hekime yönelik șiddet doğal mı? Antalya 2008 Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. Poster bildiri.
  • Guloksuz S, Oral ET, Ulas H. Eğitim veren kurumlarda çalıșan psikiyatristlerin ilaç endüstrisi-hekim ilișkisine yönelik tutum ve davranıșları. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2009; 20:236-242.
  • IMS Health. IMS Health Reports Global Prescription Sales Grew 6.4 Percent in 2007 to $712Billion. 26 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde http:// imshealth.com/ims/portal/front/articleC/0,2777,6599_3665_83763126,00.htm l adresinden erișildi
  • Civaner M. Tanıtım kaynaklı etik sorunlara yönelik bir öneri: Ulusal ilaç bilgi ağı. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2008; 19: 310-317.
  • Hodges B. Interactions with the pharmaceutical industry: experiences and attitudes of psychiatry residents, interns and clerks. Can Med Assoc J 1995; 153:553–559.
  • Randall M, Rosenbaum JR, Rohrbaugh RM, Rosenheck: Attitudes and behaviors of psychiatry residents toward pharmaceutical representatives before and after an educational intervention. Acad Psychiatry 2005; 29:33-39.
  • Feudtner C, Christakis DA, Christakis NA. Do clinical clerks suffer ethical erosion? Students’ perceptions of their ethicalenvironment and personal development. Acad Med 1994; 69:670–679.
  • Hundert EM, Douglas-Steele D, Bickel J. Context in medical education: the informal ethics curriculum. Med Educ 1996; 30:353–364.
  • Self DJ, Schrader DE, Baldwin DC Jr, Wolinsky FD. The moral development of medical students: a pilot study of the possible influence of medical education. Med Educ 1993; 27:26–34.
  • Sulmasy DP, Marx ES. Ethics education for medical house officers: long-term improvements in knowledge and confidence. J Med Ethics 1997; 23:88–92.
  • Culver CM, Clouser KD, Gert B, Brody H, Fletcher J, Jonsen A et al. Basic curricular goals in medical ethics. New Engl J Med 1985; 312:253–256.
  • Pellegrino E. Teaching medical ethics: some persistent questions and some responses. Acad Med 1989; 64:701–703.
  • Green B, Miller PD, Routh CP. Teaching ethics in psychiatry: A one day workshop for clinical students. J Med Ethics 1995; 21: 234-238.
  • Sox H. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 243-246.
  • Siegler M. Training doctors for professionalism: some lessons from teaching clinical medical ethics. Mt Sinai J Med 2002; 69: 404-409.
  • Robb A, Etchells E, Cusimano MD, Cohen R, Singer PA, McKneally M. A randomized trial of teaching bioethics to surgical residents. Am J Surg 2005; 189: 453-457.
  • Roberts LW, McCarty T, Roberts BB, Morrison N, Belitz J, Berenson C, Siegler M. Clinical ethics teaching in psychiatric supervision. Acad Psychiatry 1996; 20: 176-188.
  • Nestel D, Tierney T. Role-play for medical students learning about communication: Guidelines for maximising benefits. BMC Med Educ 2007; 7:3.
  • Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med 1994; 69:861-871.
  • Lim S, Rohrbaugh R. Why inpatient psychiatry training still matters (Now more than ever). Acad Psychiatr 2007; 31:266-269.
  • Bașterzi AD. Öğrenim Yöntemleri. In: Alkın T, Tükel R, Ulușahin A.(eds) Psikiyat- ride Uzmanlık Eğitimi Yeterlik Ve Akreditasyonu TPD Psikiyatri Yeterlik Kurulu Çalıșmaları 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2009, s. 112.
  • White C, Manfred L. Instructional Methods and Strategies. 11.09.09 tarihinde http://familymed.uthscsa.edu/ACE/chapter5.htm#smallgroup adresinden in- dirilmiștir.
  • Touchet BK, Coon KA. A pilot use of team based learning in psychiatry resident psychodynamic psychotherapy education. Acad Psychiatr 2005; 29:293-296.
  • Lypson ML, Hauser JM. Talking medicine: a course in medical humanism--what do third-year medical students think? Acad Med. 2002; 77:1169-1170.
  • Schneider GW, Snell L. C.A.R.E.: An approach for teaching ethics in medicine. Soc Sci Medi 2000; 51:1563-1567.
  • Star Wars Episode V, The Empire Strikes Back. Mayıs 1980.
  • Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklașımlar – Current Approaches in Psychiatry
  • eISSN 1309-0674 • ISSN 1309-0658 • www.cappsy.org • editor.cap@gmail.com

Psikiyatride Etik Eğitimi

Year 2009, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 229 - 239, 01.09.2009

Abstract

Etik eğitimi psikiyatri eğitiminin çekirdek bileşenlerinden biri olmasına karşın eğitim veren kurumların çoğunun müfredatında yeterince yer almamaktadır. Çoğu psikiyatri uzmanlık öğrencisinin gerek uzmanlık gerek tıp eğitimi içinde hiç etik eğitimi almadığı gösterilmiştir. Öngörülebildiği üzere psikiyatri uzmanlık öğrencilerinin yarısından çoğu, kendilerini hazır hissetmediği bir etik çıkmazla karşılaşmıştır ve neredeyse tamamı etik eğitiminin bu sorunu çözmede yardımcı olabileceğini belirtmiştir. Psikiyatristler gizlilik, sınır ihlali, adalet, yarar sağlamak ve zarar vermemek gibi temel etik konuların yanı sıra çoğunlukla, değişen dünya düzeninden kaynak alan örtük etik çıkmazlarla başa çıkmayı da öğrenmek zorundadırlar. Uzmanlık eğitiminin iyi yapılandırılmış bir etik müfredatı içermesi gerektiği apaçıktır. Öte yandan, bazıları halen etik ilkelerin öğretilemez olduğunu ve bunların kişinin erken ahlak gelişiminde şekillendiğine inanmaktadırlar. Etik öğretmenin zor olduğu gerçeğini kabul etsek de, tıp eğitimi için geliştirilen yeni yöntemler aracılığıyla bunun giderek kolaylaştığına inanıyoruz. Bu yöntemler klinik süpervizyonlar, rol- modellik, olgu çalışmaları, oyunlaştırma, küçük grup tartışmaları, takım çalışmasına dayalı öğrenme ve etik öğretmek için özel yöntemler olan günlük hayattaki etik ikilemlerin tartışıldığı "hekimliği konuşalım" grupları ve C.A.R.E (Temel inançlar, Eylemler, Nedenler, Deneyimler)dir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında eğitim müfredatındaki etik eğitimi ihtiyacı tartışılacak ve etik öğretmek için yeni yöntemler önerilecektir.

References

  • University Of Notredame, Latin Dictionary And Grammar Aid. http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookit.pl?latin=doctor adresinden 26.01.2009 tarihinde indirilmiștir.
  • Türk Tabibleri Birliği Onur Kurulları İșlevleri Toplantısı Sonuç Bildirgesi: Hekim- ler ticari ilișkiler ağının basit bir parçası haline getirilmeye çalıșmakta. Tıp Dün- yası 2003; 15 Ekim, Sayı:112.
  • Buken NO, Yegenoglu S. Physician-industry relationships and promotion ethics in Turkey. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 2003; 20:379-389.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruh Hekimliği Meslek Etiği Kuralları. TPD, 22 Ekim 2002.
  • Bloch S. Teaching of psychiatric ethics. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136:300-301.
  • Michels R. Training in psychiatric ethics, in Psychiatric Ethics. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1981, pp. 295-305.
  • Jeffinek M, Parmelee D. Is there a role for medical ethics in postgraduate psychiatry courses? Am I Psychiatry 1977; 134:1438-1439.
  • Andre J. Learning to see: moral growth during medical training. J Med Ethics 1992; 18:148-152.
  • Coverdale JH, Bayer T, Isbell P, Moffic S. Are we teaching psychiatrists to be ethical? Acad Psychiatry 1992; 16:199-205.
  • Șemin S, Aras Ș. Temel yönleriyle psikiyatride etik. İzmir, Türkiye, Dokuz Eylül Yayınları, 2004; 68-72.
  • Roberts LW, McCarty T, Lyketsos C, Hardee JT, Jacobson J, Hough P et al. What and how psychiatry residents at ten programs wish to learn about ethics. Acad Psychiatry 1996; 20:131-143.
  • Savaș H, Çoșkun A, Hayran O, Gergerlioğlu S, Arkonaç O, Erkoç Ș. Türkiyede psikiyatristlerin aydınlatılmıș onam hakkında görüș ve tutumları. Gaziantep Tıp Dergisi 2001; 12:69-75.
  • Türk Tabipler Birliği Mezuniyet Öncesi Tıp Eğitimi Raporu Türk Tabipler Birliği Yayınları 1. Baskı Ankara, 2008.
  • Roberts LW, Hammond KG, Warner TD, Geppert CMA, Warner TD. The positive role of professionalism and ethics training in medical education: a comparison of medical student and resident perspectives. Acad Psychiatry 2004; 28:170– 182
  • Demir B, Oğuz Y. Psikiyatri eğitimi ve etik. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 1999; 2:95- 100.
  • Scheiber SC, Kramer TAM, Adamowski SE. Core competencies for psychiatric practice: what clinicans need to know. Arlington, U.S.A, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc 2003, pp. 71-105.
  • Alkın T, Aydemir Ö, Bașterzi AD, Gülöksüz S, Konuk N, Devrimci Özgüven H, et al. Psikiyatri Uzmanlık Eğitiminde Amaçlar ve hedefler. In: Alkın T, Tükel R, Ulușahin A.(eds) Psikiyatride Uzmanlık Eğitimi Yeterlik Ve Akreditasyonu TPD Psikiyatri Yeterlik Kurulu Çalıșmaları 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2009, s. 50-106.
  • Hoop J. Hidden ethical dilemmas in psychiatric residencytraining: the psychiatry resident as dual agent. Acad Psychiatry 2004; 28:183–189.
  • Kozlowska K, Nunn K, Cousens P. Adverse experiences in psychiatric training, part 2. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997; 31:641–652.
  • Mohammed M, Punwani M, Clay M, Appelbaum P. Protecting the residency training enviroment: a resident’s perspective on the ethical boundaries in the faculty-resident relationship. Acad Psychiatry 2005; 29:368-373.
  • Altınbas K, Altınbaș G, Türkcan A, Oral ET. Hekime yönelik șiddet doğal mı? Antalya 2008 Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. Poster bildiri.
  • Guloksuz S, Oral ET, Ulas H. Eğitim veren kurumlarda çalıșan psikiyatristlerin ilaç endüstrisi-hekim ilișkisine yönelik tutum ve davranıșları. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2009; 20:236-242.
  • IMS Health. IMS Health Reports Global Prescription Sales Grew 6.4 Percent in 2007 to $712Billion. 26 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde http:// imshealth.com/ims/portal/front/articleC/0,2777,6599_3665_83763126,00.htm l adresinden erișildi
  • Civaner M. Tanıtım kaynaklı etik sorunlara yönelik bir öneri: Ulusal ilaç bilgi ağı. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2008; 19: 310-317.
  • Hodges B. Interactions with the pharmaceutical industry: experiences and attitudes of psychiatry residents, interns and clerks. Can Med Assoc J 1995; 153:553–559.
  • Randall M, Rosenbaum JR, Rohrbaugh RM, Rosenheck: Attitudes and behaviors of psychiatry residents toward pharmaceutical representatives before and after an educational intervention. Acad Psychiatry 2005; 29:33-39.
  • Feudtner C, Christakis DA, Christakis NA. Do clinical clerks suffer ethical erosion? Students’ perceptions of their ethicalenvironment and personal development. Acad Med 1994; 69:670–679.
  • Hundert EM, Douglas-Steele D, Bickel J. Context in medical education: the informal ethics curriculum. Med Educ 1996; 30:353–364.
  • Self DJ, Schrader DE, Baldwin DC Jr, Wolinsky FD. The moral development of medical students: a pilot study of the possible influence of medical education. Med Educ 1993; 27:26–34.
  • Sulmasy DP, Marx ES. Ethics education for medical house officers: long-term improvements in knowledge and confidence. J Med Ethics 1997; 23:88–92.
  • Culver CM, Clouser KD, Gert B, Brody H, Fletcher J, Jonsen A et al. Basic curricular goals in medical ethics. New Engl J Med 1985; 312:253–256.
  • Pellegrino E. Teaching medical ethics: some persistent questions and some responses. Acad Med 1989; 64:701–703.
  • Green B, Miller PD, Routh CP. Teaching ethics in psychiatry: A one day workshop for clinical students. J Med Ethics 1995; 21: 234-238.
  • Sox H. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 243-246.
  • Siegler M. Training doctors for professionalism: some lessons from teaching clinical medical ethics. Mt Sinai J Med 2002; 69: 404-409.
  • Robb A, Etchells E, Cusimano MD, Cohen R, Singer PA, McKneally M. A randomized trial of teaching bioethics to surgical residents. Am J Surg 2005; 189: 453-457.
  • Roberts LW, McCarty T, Roberts BB, Morrison N, Belitz J, Berenson C, Siegler M. Clinical ethics teaching in psychiatric supervision. Acad Psychiatry 1996; 20: 176-188.
  • Nestel D, Tierney T. Role-play for medical students learning about communication: Guidelines for maximising benefits. BMC Med Educ 2007; 7:3.
  • Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med 1994; 69:861-871.
  • Lim S, Rohrbaugh R. Why inpatient psychiatry training still matters (Now more than ever). Acad Psychiatr 2007; 31:266-269.
  • Bașterzi AD. Öğrenim Yöntemleri. In: Alkın T, Tükel R, Ulușahin A.(eds) Psikiyat- ride Uzmanlık Eğitimi Yeterlik Ve Akreditasyonu TPD Psikiyatri Yeterlik Kurulu Çalıșmaları 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2009, s. 112.
  • White C, Manfred L. Instructional Methods and Strategies. 11.09.09 tarihinde http://familymed.uthscsa.edu/ACE/chapter5.htm#smallgroup adresinden in- dirilmiștir.
  • Touchet BK, Coon KA. A pilot use of team based learning in psychiatry resident psychodynamic psychotherapy education. Acad Psychiatr 2005; 29:293-296.
  • Lypson ML, Hauser JM. Talking medicine: a course in medical humanism--what do third-year medical students think? Acad Med. 2002; 77:1169-1170.
  • Schneider GW, Snell L. C.A.R.E.: An approach for teaching ethics in medicine. Soc Sci Medi 2000; 51:1563-1567.
  • Star Wars Episode V, The Empire Strikes Back. Mayıs 1980.
  • Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklașımlar – Current Approaches in Psychiatry
  • eISSN 1309-0674 • ISSN 1309-0658 • www.cappsy.org • editor.cap@gmail.com
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ayşe Devrim Başterzi This is me

Sinan Gülöksüz This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Başterzi AD, Gülöksüz S. Psikiyatride Etik Eğitimi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. September 2009;1(3):229-239. doi:10.18863/pgy.133456

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