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Medical Comorbidities in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Year 2009, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 187 - 201, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common developmental disorders of childhood with a reported world-wide prevalence of 8 to 12%. In studies conducted in our country the prevalence rates in community were reported to vary between 8.6 to 8.1 % while clinical prevalence rates were reported to vary between 8.6 to 29.44 %. Fifty to eighty percent of cases were reported to continue into adolescence while thirty to fifty percent may continue into adulthood. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is known to accompany subtle physical anomalies, allergic and neurologic disorders, obesity and eating disorders, traumatic injuries, risky sexual behavior, sleep disorders, substance and alcohol use, axis I and II disorders, occupational, legal and academic problems and increased treatment expenditures. Though the effects of this disorder continue throughout life, create burdens to the society along with its treatment as well as disabling the affected patients through their lives, and receive increasing attention in recent years, reviews focusing on problems associated with it are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the results of previous studies conducted about medical comorbidities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

References

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  • Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 9
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  • Cortese S, Angriman M, Maffeis C, Isnard P, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 48:524-537.
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  • Nazar BP, Pinna CM, Coutinho G, Segenreich D, Duchesne M, Appolinario JC, et al. Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008; 30:384-389.
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  • Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklașımlar – Current Approaches in Psychiatry
  • eISSN 1309-0674 • ISSN 1309-0658 • www.cappsy.org • editor.cap@gmail.com

Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Tıbbi Eş Tanılar

Year 2009, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 187 - 201, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Çocukluk çağının en sık görülen gelişimsel bozukluklarından biri olan Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu'nun dünya çapında yaygınlığı %8 ile %12 arasında değişmektedir. Ülkemiz çocuk ve ergenlerinde, DSM-IV ölçütlerine göre toplum örneklemlerindeki yaygınlığının %8.6 ile %8.1; klinik örneklemlerdeki yaygınlığının ise %8.6 ile %29.4 arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Çocuklukta tanı konan olgularda dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu tanısının ergenlikte %50-80, erişkinlikte ise %30-50 oranında devamlılık gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunun silik fiziksel anormallikler, alerjik ve nörolojik hastalıklar, obezite ve yeme bozuklukları, travmatik yaralanmalar, riskli cinsel davranışlar, uyku bozuklukları, alkol ve madde kullanımı, birinci ve ikinci eksen tanıları, mesleki, adli ve akademik sorunlar ve bütün bunların sonucu olarak da artmış tedavi harcamaları ile beraber olabileceği bildirilmektedir. Etkileri yaşam boyu süren, topluma tedavi dışında yan maliyetler de getiren, etkilenen bireylerde yaşam boyu süren yeti yitimine neden olan, süreğen, nörogelişimsel bir hastalık olan, son yıllarda dünyada ve ülkemizde giderek daha çok ilgi toplayan dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile ilişkili bu sorunlar hakkında dünyada ve ülkemizde yürütülmüş olan araştırmaların sonuçlarının ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Dolayısıyla; bu çalışmada ülkemizde ve dünyada şimdiye kadar bu konuda yürütülmüş olan araştırmaların sonuçlarının özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edn, Text Revision. APA, Washington DC. 2000. Köroğlu E (Çev.), Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, 2001.
  • Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Guilford Press. 2006; 122-183.
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005; 366:237-248.
  • Albayrak EC. Bursa ilinde bir ilkokul örnekleminde Dikkat Eksikliği/ Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu sıklığı ve ilgili sosyodemografik özellikler. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi; 1998.
  • Erșan EE, Doğan O, Doğan S, Sümer H. The distribution of symptoms of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in school age children in Turkey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 13:354-361.
  • Șenol S. Dikkat Eksikliği Yıkıcı Davranıș Bozukluklarının klinik özellikleri, aynı grup ve diğer DSM-IV tanılarıyla birliktelikleri, risklerin ve tedavi eğiliminin be- lirlenmesi. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi; 1997.
  • Yolga Tahiroğlu A. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu tanısı alan çocukla- rın sosyodemografik özellikleri, eșlik eden bozukluklar ve tedavi yaklașımları. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi; 2003.
  • Weiss M, Weiss G. Attention defict hyperactivity disorder. In: Lewis M, ed. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, A Comprehensive Textbook, 3rd ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002; 645-670.
  • Schachar R, Tannock R. Syndromes of hyperactivity and attention deficit. In: Rutter M, Taylor E, eds. Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. 2002; 399-418.
  • Pennington BF, Chhabildas N. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, eds. Behavioral Neurology And Neuropsychology, New York, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. 2003; 831-842.
  • Pineda DA, Lopera F, Palacio JD, Ramirez D, Henao GC. Prevalence estimations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential diagnoses and comorbidities in a Colombian sample. Int J Neurosci 2003; 113:49-71.
  • Ben Amor L, Grizenko N, Schwartz G, Logeix P, Baron C, Ter-Stepanian M. Perinatal complications in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. Rev Psychiatry Neurosci 2005; 30:120- 126.
  • Lou HC. Etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:1266-1271.
  • Weiner J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Textbook of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 2nd ed., Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Press. 1996; 389-411.
  • Hartsough C S, Lambert NM. Medical factors in hyperactive and normal children: Prenatal, developmental, and health history findings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1985; 55:190–210.
  • Guldberg-Kjar T, Johansson B.Old people reporting childhood AD/HD symptoms: Retrospectively self-rated AD/HD symptoms in a population-based Swedish sample aged 65-80. Nord J Psychiatry 2009; 23:1-8.
  • Fanjiang G, Kleinman RE. Nutrition and performance in children. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:342-347.
  • Szatmari P, Offord DR, Boyle MH. Correlates, associated impairments, and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorders: Findings from the Ontario Child Health Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989; 30:205–217.
  • Roth N, Beyreiss J, Schlenzka K, Beyer H. Coincidence of attention deficit disorder and atopic disorders in children: Empirical findings and hypothetical background. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991; 19:1–13.
  • McGee R, Stanton WR, Sears MR. Allergic disorders and attention deficit disorder in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993; 21:79–88.
  • Antshel KM, Waisbren SE. Developmental timing of exposure to elevated levels of phenylalanine is associated with ADHD symptom expression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2003; 31:565-574.
  • Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Turbott SH, Manku M. Clinical characteristics and se- rum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987; 26: 406–411.
  • Hart EL, Lahey BB, Hynd GW, Loeber R, McBurnett K. Association of chronic over- anxious disorder with atopic rhinitis in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. J Clin Child Psychol 1995; 24:332–337.
  • Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Guite J, Warburton R. Associations between childhood asthma and ADHD: Issues of psychiatric comorbidity and familiality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:842–848.
  • Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Lapey KA, Reed ED, Seidman LJ. No confirmation of Geschwind’s hypothesis of associations between reading disability, immune disorders, and motor preference in ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995; 23: 545–552.
  • Leibson CL, Katusic SK, Barbaresi WJ, Ransom J, O’Brien PC. Use and costs of medical care for children and adolescents with and without attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 285:60–66.
  • Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 9
  • Cortese S, Konofal E, Lecendreux M. Alertness and feeding behaviors in ADHD: does the hypocretin/orexin system play a role? Med Hypotheses. 2008; 71:770-775.
  • Öktem F, Sonuvar B. Dikkat eksikliği tanısı alan çocukların özellikleri. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 1993; 4:267-272.
  • Yorbık Ö, Söhmen G, Ceylan S. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunda prenatal, natal, postnatal etkenlerin araștırılması. 8. Ulusal Çocuk ve Ergen Psi- kiyatrisi Kongresi, 26-29 Nisan 1998, Sapanca, Türkiye.
  • Yorbik Ö, Kırmızıgül P, Demirkan S, Sönmez T. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocuklarda anne sütü alma süreleri. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2003; 10:115-120.
  • Spencer, TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O’Donnell D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE. Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: Evidence for disorder-associated growth delays? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35:1460–1469.
  • Cortese S, Angriman M, Maffeis C, Isnard P, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008; 48:524-537.
  • Campbell BC, Eisenberg D. Obesity, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic reward system. Coll Antropol 2007; 31:33-38.
  • Nazar BP, Pinna CM, Coutinho G, Segenreich D, Duchesne M, Appolinario JC, et al. Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008; 30:384-389.
  • Boutros N, Fraenkel L, Feingold A. A four-step approach for developing diagnostic tests in psychiatry: EEG in ADHD as a test case. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 17:455-464.
  • Hermann CS, Demiralp T. Human EEG gamma oscilations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:2719-2733.
  • Werry JS, Minde K, Guzman A, Weiss G, Dogan K, Hoy E. Studies on the hyperactive child. VII. Neurological status compared with neurotic and normal children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1972; 42:441-451.
  • Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ. A review of electrophysiology in attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114:171-183.
  • Hughes JR, DeLeo AJ, Melyn MA. The electroencephalogram in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: emphasis on epileptiform discharges. Epilepsy Behav 2000; 1:271-277.
  • Barry RJ, Clarke AR, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M, Johnstone SJ, Hsu CI, et al. Age and gender effects in EEG coherence: II. Boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:977-984.
  • Barry RJ, Clarke AR, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. Age and gender effects in EEG coherence: III. Girls with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117:243-251.
  • Yıldız Öç Ö. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda SPECT ve EEG Bulgula- rı. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi; 2004.
  • Fisch BJ. Spehlmann’ın EEG El Kitabı. Șahiner T, ed. Turgut Yayıncılık ve Ticaret AȘ., İstanbul, 1998.
  • Hesdorffer DC, Ludvigsson P, Olafsson E, Gudmundsson G, Kjartansson O, Hauser WA. ADHD as a risk factor for incident unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:731-736.
  • Buderath P, Gärtner K, Frings M, Christiansen H, Schoch B, Konczak J, et al. Postural and gait performance in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Gait Posture 2009; 29:249-254.
  • Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H. Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:637–646.
  • Kaplan BJ, McNichol J, Conte RA, Moghadam HK. Sleep disturbance in preschool-aged hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Pediatrics 1987; 80:839–844.
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  • Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklașımlar – Current Approaches in Psychiatry
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ali Evren Tufan This is me

İrem Yaluğ This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Tufan AE, Yaluğ İ. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Tıbbi Eş Tanılar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2009;1(2):187-201.

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