Hoarding: From a Symptom to a Disorder

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 319 - 332, 12.07.2015

Süheyla Doğan Bulut Kadir Özdel Cebrail Kısa

Abstract

Hoarding is a psychological disorder characterized by excessive collecting, storage and inability to discard large quantities of the objects, usually accompanying a severe level of distress or dysfunctionality. Despite the concept has been known for more than a century, it used to be conceptualized as a component of obsessive compulsive disorder. However, hoarding disorder appears as a distinct psychiatric disorder in the last updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Accordingly, in this review we aimed to make a general framework in understanding of hoarding disorder which is an attention-grabbing diagnosis in these days. In this regard, we addressed the etiology, clinical features of, and treatment approaches to hoarding disorder.

 

Keywords

Compulsive hoarding, obsessive-compulsive disorder, DSM-5

Belirtiden Bozukluğa İstifleme

Abstract

İstifleme, aşırı toplama ve istifleme, toplanan aşırı miktardaki öğeleri atmada başarısızlık ile karakterize, genellikle önemli bir sıkıntı veya bozukla beraber görülen bir sorundur. Bu kavram yüz yılı aşkın süredir bilinmesine karşın yakın zamana kadar obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun bir bileşeni olarak değerlendiriliyordu. Ancak Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı’nın güncellenmiş baskısında (DSM-5) ayrı bir bozukluk olarak yer aldı. Bu gözden geçirme psikiyatride son dönemde ön plana çıkan istifleme bozukluğunun anlaşılmasında genel bir çerçeve oluşturmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaçla istifleme bozukluğunun etiyolojiisi, klinik özellikleri ve tedavi yaklaşımları bakımından incelenmiştir.

 

Keywords

Kompulsif istifleme, obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, DSM-5

References

• Abramowitz JS, Franklin ME, Schwartz SA, Furr JM (2003) Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 71:1049-1057.
• Alonso P, Menchon JM, Pifarre J, Mataix-Cols D, Torres L, Salgado P et al. (2001) Long-term follow-up and predictors of clinical outcome in obsessive–compulsive patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioral therapy. J Clin Psychiatry, 62:535−540.
• Nussbaum AM (2013) The Pocket Guide to the DSM-5 (TM) Diagnostic Exam, Arlington. American Psychiatric Publishing.
• An SK, Mataix-Cols D, Lawrence NS, Wooderson S, Giampietro V, Speckens A et al. (2008) To discard or not to discard: the neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 14:318-331.
• Aydın A, Boysan M, Kalafat T, Selve Y, Beşiroğlu L, Kagan M (2014) Validation of the Turkish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) in clinical and non-clinical samples. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 51:15-22.
• Ayers CR, Wetherell JL, Golshan S, Saxena S (2011) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for geriatric compulsive hoard ing. Behav Res Ther, 49:689–694 .
• Ayers CR, Saxena S, Golshan S, Wetherell JL (2009) Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 25:142–149.
• Beck AT, Haigh E (2014) Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 10:1–24.
• Black DW, Monahan P, Gable J, Blum N, Clancy G, Baker P (1998) Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 59:420-425.
• Bolman WM, Katz AS (1966) Hamburger hoarding: a case of symbolic cannibalism resembling Whitico psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis, 142:424-428.
• Bulut SD, Alataş E, Berkol T, Özçelik HŞ, Bulut S (2014) Üç olgu üzerinden istifleme bozukluğu: DSM-5'de yeni bir tanı. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3:53-56.
• Coles ME, Frost RO, Heimberg RG, Steketee G (2003) Hoarding behaviors in a large college sample. Behav Res Ther, 41:179-194.
• Diefenbach GJ, DiMauro J, Frost R, Steketee G, Tolin DF (2013) Characteristics of hoarding in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 21:1043-1047.
• Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G et al. (2002) The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess, 14:485.
• Freud S (1908) The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. New York, Vintage.
• Fromm E (1947) Man for Himself. New York, Rinehart.
• Frost RO, Gross RC (1993) The hoarding of possessions. Behav Res Ther, 31:367–381.
• Frost RO, Shows DL (1993) The nature and measurement of compulsive indecisiveness. Behav Res Ther, 31: 683-692.
• Frost RO, Hartl TL (1996) A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther, 34:341-350.
• Frost RO & Steketee G (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Frost RO, Steketee G, Williams L (2000) Hoarding: a community health problem. Health Soc Care Community, 8:229-234.
• Frost RO, Steketee G, Williams L (2002) Compulsive buying, compulsive hoarding and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther, 33:201-214.
• Frost RO, Steketee G, Grisham J (2004) Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. Behav Res Ther, 42):1163-1182.
• Frost RO, Hristova V (2011) Assessment of hoarding. J Clin Psychol, 67:456-466.
• Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF (2011) Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depress Anxiety, 28:876-884.
• Furby L (1978) Possession in humans: An exploratory study of its meaning and motivation. Soc Behav Pers, 6:49-65.
• Gentes EL, Ruscio AM (2011) A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:923-933.
• Grisham JR, Frost RO, Steketee G, Kim HJ, Tarkoff A, Hood S (2009) Formation of attachment to possessions in compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord, 23:357-361.
• Grisham JR, Frost RO, Steketee G, Kim HJ, Hood S (2006) Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord, 20:675-686.
• Grisham JR, Brown TA, Savage CR, Steketee G, Barlow DH (2007) Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther, 45:1471-1483.
• Grisham JR, Steketee G, Frost RO (2008) Interpersonal problems and emotional intelligence in compulsive hoarding. Depress Anxiety, 25:63-67.
• Hartl TL, Duffany SR, Allen GJ, Steketee G, Frost RO (2005) Relationships among compulsive hoarding, trauma, and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Res Ther, 43:269-276.
• Huppert JD, Walther MR, Hajcak G, Yadin E, Foa EB, Simpson HB et al. (2007) The OCI-R: validation of the subscales in a clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord, 21:394-406.
• Iervolino AC, Perroud N, Fullana MA, Guipponi M, Cherkas L, Collier D et al. (2009) Prevalence and heritability of compulsive hoarding: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry, 166:1156–1161.
• Jones E (1913) Papers on Psychoanalysis. London, Bailliere,Tindall&Cox.
• Kim HJ, Steketee G, Frost RO (2001) Hoarding by elderly people. Health Soc Work, 26:176-184.
• Kyrios M, Frost R, Steketee G (2004) Cognitions in compulsive buying and acquisition. Cognit Ther Res, 28:241–258.
• Landau D, Iervolino AC, Pertusa A, Santo S, Singh S, Mataix-Cols D (2011) Stressful life events and material deprivation in hoarding disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 25:192-202.
• Lochner C, Kinnear CJ, Hemmings SM, Seller C, Niehaus DJ, Knowles JA et al. (2005) Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic correlates. J Clin Psychiatry, 66:1155-1160.
• Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, ManzoV PA, Jenike MA, Baer L (1999) Use of factor analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 156:1409−1416.
• Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N, Brammer MJ, Speckens A, Phillips ML (2004) Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61:564-576.
• Mataix‐Cols D, Frost RO, Pertusa A, Clark LA, Saxena S, Leckman JF (2010) Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress Anxiety, 27:556-572.
• Matsunaga H, Hayashida K, Kiriike N, Maebayashi K, Stein DJ (2010) The clinical utility of symptom dimensions in obsessive– compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res, 180:25-29.
• McKay D, Abramowitz JS, Calamari JE, Kyrios M, Radomsky A, Sookman D et al (2004) A critical evaluation of obsessive– compulsive disorder subtypes: symptoms versus mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev, 24:283-313.
• Miller WR, Rollnick S (2009) Ten things that motivational interviewing is not. Behav Cogn Psychother, 37:129-140.
• Mueller A, Mitchell J, Crosby R,Glaesmer H, de Zwaan M (2009) The prevalence of compulsive hoarding and its association with compulsive buying in a German population-based sample. Behav Res Ther, 47:705–709.
• Muroff J, Steketee G, Rasmussen J, Gibson A, Bratiotis C, Sorrentino C (2009) Group cognitive and behavioral treatment for compulsive hoarding: a preliminary trial. Depress Anxiety, 26:634-640.
• Nordsletten AE, Mataix-Cols D (2012) Hoarding versus collecting: Where does pathology diverge from play?. Clin Psychol Rev, 32:165-176.
• Patronek G (2001) The problem of animal hoarding. Municipal Lawyer, 19:6-9.
• Pertusa A, Fullana MA, Singh S, Alonso P, Menchon JM, Mataix-Cols D (2008) Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? Am J Psychiatry, 165:1289-1298.
• Rachman S (1983) The modification of agoraphobic avoidance behaviour: some fresh possibilities. Behav Res Ther, 21:567-574.
• Reed GF (1985) Obsessional Eksperience and Compulsive Berhavior: A Cognitive Structural Approach. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
• Reed GF (1969) "Under-inclusion"--A characteristic of obsessional personality disorder: I. Br J Psychiatry, 115:781-785.
• Salomoni G, Grassi M, Mosini P, Riva P, Cavedini P, Bellodi L (2009) Artificial neural network model for the prediction of obsessive–compulsive disorder treatment response. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 29:343-349.
• Sartory G, Master D, Rachman S (1989) Safety-signal therapy in agoraphobics: a preliminary test. Behav Res Ther, 27:205-210.
• Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM, Smith EC, Zohrabi N, Katz E et al. (2004) Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. Am J Psychiatry, 161:1038-1048.
• Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM, Baxter Jr LR (2007) Paroxetine treatment of compulsive hoarding. J Psychiatr Res, 41:481- 487.
• Saxena S (2008) Neurobiology and treatment of compulsive hoarding. CNS Spectr, 13 (9 Suppl 14):29-36.
• Seedat S, Stein DJ (2002) Hoarding in obsessive–compulsive disorder and related disorders: a preliminary report of 15 cases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 56:17-23.
• Shafran R, Tallis F (1996) Obsessive-compulsive hoarding: a cognitive-behavioural approach. Behav Cogn Psychother, 24:209-221.
• Shetti CN, Reddy YCJ, Kandavel T, Kashyap K, Singisetti S, Hiremath AS et al. (2005) Clinical predictors of drug nonresponse in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 66):1517−1523.
• Stein DJ, Seedat S, Potocnik F (1999) Hoarding: a review. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 36:35−46.
• Steketee G, Frost R (2003) Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clin Psychol Rev; 23:905-927.
• Steketee G, Frost R, Kyrios M (2003) Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognit Ther Res, 27: 463–479.
• Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF, Rasmussen J, Brown TA (2010) Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depress Anxiety, 27:476-484.
• Storch EA, Lack CW, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK et al. (2007) Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Compr Psychiatry, 48: 313-318.
• Summerfeldt LJ, Huta V, Swinson RP (1998) Personality and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Research, and Treatment (Eds RP Swinson, MM Antony, S Rachman, MA Richter):79-119. New York, Guilford Press.
• Taylor S (2011) Etiology of obsessions and compulsions: A meta-analysis and narrative review of twin studies. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:1361-1372.
• Tolin DF, Frost RO, Steketee G (2007) An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther, 45:1461-1470.
• Tolin DF, Frost RO, Steketee G, Fitch KE (2008) Family burden of compulsive hoarding: results of an internet survey. Behav Res Ther, 46:334-344.
• Tolin DF, Kiehl KA, Worhunsky P, Book GA, Maltby N (2009) An eksploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding. Psychol Med, 39:325-336.
• Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Frost RO, Steketee G (2010) Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depress Anxiety, 27:829-838.
• Türkçapar H (2008) Bilişsel Terapi: Temel İlkeler ve Uygulama. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Woo CW, Kwon SM, Lim YJ, Shin MS (2010) The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): psychometric properties of the Korean version and the order, gender, and cultural effects. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 41:220-227.
• Wu KD, Watson D (2005) Hoarding and its relation to obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 43:897-921.