Olfaktör Referans Sendromu

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 356 - 367, 15.08.2015

Alper Evrensel , Mehmet Emin Ceylan

https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20141123043124

Abstract

Olfaktör referans sendromu, kişinin vücudundan kötü koku yaydığı ısrarlı ve yanlış inancı ile seyreden bir bozukluktur. Sınıflandırma sistemlerinde sanrısal bozukluk başlığı altında yer almaktadır. Bu bozuklukta görülen düşünce bozukluğunun obsesyonel mi yoksa sanrısal mı olduğu konusunda tartışmalar sürmektedir. Etiyopatogenezi henüz aydınlatabilmiş değildir. Tedavisinde antidepresanlardan, antipsikotiklerden ve psikoterapiden faydalanılabilmektedir. Bu yazıda olfaktör referans sendromunun klinik özelliklerinin, nörobiyolojisinin, ayırıcı tanısının, sınıflandırılması ile ilgili sorunların ve tedavi yaklaşımlarının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

 

Keywords

Olfaktör referans sendromu, sanrısal bozukluk

Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Abstract

Olfactory reference syndrome is a delusional disorder in which the patient persistently and falsely believes that his or her body emits a foul odor. The disease is considered a variant of somatic type of delusional disorder under the diagnostic systems. Similarities between olfactory reference syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder have also been noted. The etiopathogenesis of the disorder has not yet been clarified. Antidepressants, antipsychotics and psychotherapy are used in the treatment of this disorder. The aim of this article was to review clinical features, neurobiology, differantial diagnosis, classification problems and treatment of olfactory reference syndrome.

 

Keywords

Olfactory reference syndrome, delusional disorder

References

• APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association.
• Arenas B, Garcia G, Gomez J, Renovell M, Garcia V, Olucha-Bordonau FE et al. (2013) Olfactory reference syndrome: a systematic review. Rev Neurol, 56:65-71.
• Atmaca M, Korkmaz S, Namlı MN, Korkmaz H, Kuloğlu M (2011) Ketiyapin ile tedavi edilen olfaktör referans sendromlu bir olgu sunumu. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 21:246-248.
• Bebbington PE (1976) Monosymptomatic hypocondriasis abnormal behaviour and suicide. Br J Psychiatry, 128:475-478.
• Begum M, McKenna PJ (2011) Olfactory reference syndrome: a systematic review of the world literature. Psychol Med, 41:453- 461.
• Bishop ER (1980) An olfactory reference syndrome-monosymptomatic hypochondriasis. J Clin Psychiatry, 41:57-59.
• Bizamcer AN, Dubin WR, Hayburn B (2008) Olfactory reference syndrome. Psychosomatics, 49:77-81.
• Bourgeois M, Paty J (1972) Autodysosmophobia and the psychopathology of smell (a propos of 7 cases). Bord Med, 17:2269- 2286.
• Brown KW, McGoldrick T, Buchanan R (1997) Body dysmorphic disorder: seven cases treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Behav Cogn Psychother, 25:203–207.
• Cashman FE, Pollock B (1983) Treatment of monosymptomatic hypocondriacal psychosis with imipramine. Can J Psychiatry, 28: 85.
• Cetin, M, Ebrinc S, Agargün MY, Yigit S (1999) Risperidone for the treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 60:554.
• Davidson M, Mukherjee S (1982) Progression of olfactory reference syndrome to mania: a case report. Am J Psychiatry, 139:1623- 1624.
• Devinsky O, Khan S, Alper K (1998) Olfactory reference syndrome in a patient with partial epilepsy. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 11:103-105.
• Dominguez RA, Puig A (1997) Olfactory reference syndrome responds to clomipramine but not fluoxetine: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry, 58:497-498.
• Elmer MAB, George MRM, Peterson MK (2000) Therapeutic update: use of risperidone for the treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 43:683-686.
• Feusner JD, Phillips KA, Stein DJ (2010) Olfactory reference syndrome: issues for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety, 27:592–599.
• Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N, Conca A, Dietmaier O, Egberts K et al. (2011) AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2011; 44:195-235.
• Ikenouchi A, Terao T, Nakamura J (2004) A male case of monosymptomatic hypochondrial psychosis responding to olanzapine: a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry, 37: 240-241.
• Kitamura H (1997) A case of somatic delusional disorder that responded to treatment with risperidone. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 51:337.
• Konuk N, Atik L, Atasoy N, Ugur MB (2006) Frontotemporal hypoperfusion detected by 99mTc HMPAO SPECT in a patient with olfactory reference syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 28:174-177.
• Litter CM (1986) Pimozide for delusions of bromosis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 6:1303-1304.
• Lochner C, Stein DJ (2003) Olfactory reference syndrome: diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. J Postgrad Med, 49:328- 331.
• Luckhaus C, Jacob C, Zielasek J, Sand P (2003) Olfactory reference syndrome manifest in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 7:41-44.
• Malasi TH, El-Hilu SR, Mırza IA, El-Islam MF (1990) Olfactory delusional syndrome with various etiologies. Br J Psychiatry, 156:256-260.
• Martin P, Scharfetter C (1993) Olfactory hallucinations in depression. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 61:293-300.
• McGoldrick T, Begum M, Brown KW (2008) EMDR and olfactory reference syndrome a case series. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2:63-68.
• Moroy A, Bellivier F, Fenelon G (2012) Olfactory reference syndrome: an unusual delusion in a patient with Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 24:2.
• Moutier CY, Stein MB (1999) The history, epidemiology, and differential diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl:9):4-8.
• Muffatti R, Scarone S, Gambini O (2008) An olfactory reference syndrome successfully treated by aripiprazole augmentation of antidepressant therapy. Cogn Behav Neurol, 21:258-260.
• Munro A (1988) Monosymptomatic hypocondriacal psychosis. Br J Psychiatry, 153:37-40.
• Munro A, Pollock B (1981) Monosymptomatic psychoses which progress to schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry, 42:474-476.
• Özdil E, Tekin A, Güleken MD, Türkyılmaz Uyar E, Bakım B, Özer ÖA (2012) Olfaktör referans sendromu: bir olgu sunumu. NPAkademi, 1:50-52
• Pause BM, Raack N, Sojka B, Göder R, Aldenhoff JB, Ferstl R (2003) Convergent and divergent effects of odors and emotions in depression. Psychophysiology, 40:209-225.
• Phillips KA, Gunderson C, Gruber U, Castle DJ (2006) Delusions of body malodour: the olfactory reference syndrome. In Olfaction and the Brain. (Eds W Brewer, D Castle, C Pantelis):334-353. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
• Phillips KA, Kim JM, Hudson JI (1995) Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders. Obsessions or delusions? Psychiatric Clin North Am, 18:317-334.
• Phillips KA, Menard W (2011) Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 33:398-406.
• Potts CS (1891) Two cases of hallucination of smell. U Penn Med Mag, 226.
• Prazeres AM, Fontenelle LF, Mendlowicz MV, De Mathis MA, Ferrao YA, De Brito NF et al. (2010) Olfactory reference syndrome as a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 71:87-89.
• Pryse-Philips W (1971) An olfactory reference syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 47:484-509.
• Puşuroğlu M, Kandemir G, Hocaoğlu Ç (2014) Ergende olfaktör referans sendromu: bir olgu sunumu. Journal of Mood Disorders, 4:41-43.
• Sayar K, Aksu G (2003) Olfaktör referans sendromu: bir olgu sunumu. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 13:183-187.
• Singh GP (2006) Is olfactory reference syndrome an OCD? Indian J Psychiatry, 48:201-202.
• Stein DJ, Hollander E (1993) The spectrum of obsessive-compulsive related disorders. In Obsessive-compulsive Related Disorders (Ed. E Hollander):241-271. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press
• Stein DJ, Le Roux L, Bouwer C, Van Heerden B (1998) Is olfactory reference syndrome an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder? two cases and a discussion. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 10:96-99.
• Sutton RL (1919) Bromidrosiphobia. JAMA, 72:1267-1268.
• Suzuki K, Takei N, Iwata Y, Sekine Y, Toyoda T, Nikamura K et al. (2004) Do olfactory reference syndrome and jiko-shu-kyofu (a subtype of taijin-kyofu) share a common entity? Acta Psychiatr Scand, 109:150-155.
• Tada K, Kojima T (2002) The relationship of olfactory delusional disorder to social phobia. J Nerv Ment Dis, 190:45-47.
• Tilley H (1895) Three cases of parosmia:causes and treatment. Lancet, 146:907-908.
• Toone BK (1978) Psychomotor seizures, arterio-venous malformation and the olfactory reference syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 58:61-66.
• Ulman CA, Trevino JJ, Miller M, Gandhi RK (2014) Fish odor syndrome: a case report of trimethylaminuria. Dermatol Online J, 20:21260.
• Videbech T (1966) Chronic olfactory paranoid syndromes. a contribution to the psychopathology of the sense of smell. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 42:182-213.
• Wikipedia (2014) Brom. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom. Accessed at October 11, 2014.
• Yeh YW, Chen CK, Huang SY, Kuo SC, Chen CY, Chen CL (2009) Suscessful treatment with amisulpride fort he progression of olfactory reference syndrome to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33:579-580.
• Zohar J, Insel TR (1987) Obsessive-compulsive disorders: psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry, 22:667-687.