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Epidemiology in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 382 - 390, 15.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150410011326

Abstract

Childhood and adolescent bipolar disorder diagnosis has been increasing recently. Since studies evaluating attempted suicide rates in children and adolescents have shown bipolarity to be a significant risk factor, diagnosis and treatment of bipolarity has become a very important issue. Since there is a lack of specific diagnostic criteria for especially preadolescent samples and evaluations are made mostly symptomatically, suspicions about false true diagnosis and increased prevalence rates have emerged. This situation leads to controversial data about the prevalence rates of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. The aim of this article is to review the prevalence of childhood and adolescent bipolar disorder in community, inpatient and outpatient based samples in literature.

 

References

  • Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M, Gill MK, Valeri S, Chiappetta et al. (2006) Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63:1139-1148.
  • Berkem M (2007) İki Uçlu Bozukluk. In Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kitabı (Eds AS Aysev, YI Taner):373-382. İstanbul, Golden Print.
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV, Wozniak J, Mick E, Kwon A, Cayton GA et al. (2005) Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents. J Psychiatric Res, 39:611– 622.
  • Birmaher B, Axelson D (2006) Course and outcome of bipolar spectrum disorder in children and adolescents: a review of the existing literature. Dev Psychopathol, 18:1023-1035.
  • Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey et al (2009) Lifetime psychiatric disorders in schoolaged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66:287-296.
  • Blader JC, Carlson GA (2007) Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent, and adult inpatients, 1996-2004. Biol Psychiatry, 62:107-114.
  • Blader JC, Kafantaris V (2007) Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother, 7:259-270.
  • Brotman MA, Schmajuk M, Rich BA, Dickstein DP, Guyer AE, Costello et al. (2006) Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biol Psychiatry, 60:991–997.
  • Cahill C, Hanstock T, Jairam R, Hazell P, Walter G, Malhi GS (2007) Comparison of diagnostic guidelines for juvenile bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 41:479-484.
  • Carlson GA, Glovinsky I (2009) The concept of bipolar disorder in children: a history of the bipolar controversy. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 18:257-271.
  • Cicero D, Epler A, Sher K (2009) Are there developmentally limited forms of bipolar disorder? J Abnorm Psychol, 118:431–447.
  • Demeter CA, Youngstrom EA, Carlson GA, Frazier TW, Rowles BM et al. (2013) Age differences in the phenomenology of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord, 147:295-303.
  • Diler RS, Uguz S, Seydaoglu G, Avci A (2008) Mania profile in a community sample of prepubertal children in Turkey. Bipolar Disord, 10:546-553.
  • Emiroğlu FN, Bozabalı ÖG (2002) Çocukluk ve ergenlik çağı bipolar bozukluğu tanı ve ayırıcı tanı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 9:178-189.
  • Emiroglu FN, Diler RS (2009) Pediatric bipolar disorders: from the perspective of Turkey. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 18:206-214.
  • Escamilla I, Wozniak J, Soutullo CA, Gamazo-Garran P, Figueroa-Quintana A, Biederman J (2011) Pediatric bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample: results after 2.6years of follow-up. J Affect Disord, 132:270-274.
  • Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2003) The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 42:1203–1211.
  • Fristad MA, Algorta GP (2013) Future directions for research on youth with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 42:734-747.
  • Goldstein BI (2012) Recent progress in understanding pediatric bipolar disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 166:362-371.
  • Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (2007) Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, 2nd edition. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Goldstein BI, Shamseddeen W, Axelson DA, Kalas C, Monk K, Brent DA et al. (2010) Clinical, demographic, and familial correlates of bipolar spectrum disorders among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49:388- 396.
  • Gökler B (2008) Bipolar Duygudurum Bozukluğu.In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Eds FÇ Çuhadaroğlu, A Coşkun, E İşeri, S Miral, N Motavallı, B Pehlivantürk):383-393. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Hauser M, Galling B, Corell CU (2013) Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence rates, correlates and targeted interventions. Bipolar Disord, 15:507-523.
  • Hodgins S, Faucher B, Zarac A, Ellenbogen M (2002) Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a population at high risk for major affective disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 11:533–553.
  • Holtmann M, Duketis E, Poustika L, Zepf F, Poustka F, Bolte S (2010) Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents in Germany: national trends in the rates of inpatients, 2000-2007. Bipolar Disord, 12:155-163.
  • Holtmann M, Goth K, Wockel L, Poustka F, Bolte S (2008) CBCL-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype: severe ADHD or bipolar disorder? J Neural Transm, 115:155–161.
  • İnal-Emiroglu FN, Ozerdem A, Miklowitz DJ, Baykara A, Akay A (2008) Mood and disruptive behavior disorders and symptoms in the offspring of patients with bipolar I disorder. World Psychiatry, 7:110-112.
  • Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Green J, Gruber MJ, Guyer M, He Y et al. (2009) National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): III. Concordance of DSM-IV/CIDI diagnoses with clinical reassessments. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48:386–399.
  • Krieger FV, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A, Polanczyk GV (2013) Irritability in children and adolescents: past concepts, current debates and future opportunities. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 35 (Suppl 1):S32-S39.
  • Lasky T, Krieger A, Elixhauser A, Vitiello B (2011) Children's hospitalizations with a mood disorder diagnosis in general hospitals in the united states 2000-2006. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 7:5-27.
  • Lazaro L, Castro-Fornieles J, de la Fuente JE, Baeza I, Morer A, Pamias M (2007) Differences between prepubertal versus adolescent-onset bipolar disorder in a Spanish clinical sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 16:510–516.
  • Luby J, Tandon M, Nicol G (2007) Three clinical cases of DSM-IV mania symptoms in preschoolers. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 17:237-243.
  • Marchand WR, Wirth L, Simon C (2006) Delayed diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder in a community mental health setting. J Psychiatr Pract, 12:128-133.
  • Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M et al. (2007) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:543–552.
  • Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L et al. (2010) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49 (suppl):980-989.
  • Meyer T, Kobmann-Bohm S, Schlottke P (2004) Do child psychiatrists in Germany diagnose bipolar disorders in children and adolescents? results from a survey. Bipolar Disord, 5:426–431.
  • Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M (2007) National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:1032-1039.
  • Parry PI, Levin EC (2012) Pediatric bipolar disorder in an era of "mindless psychiatry". J Trauma Dissociation, 13:51-68.
  • Pavuluri MN, Birmaher B, Naylor MW (2005) Paediatric bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44:846–871.
  • Sala R, Axelson D, Birmaher B (2009) Phenomenology, longitudinal course, and outcome of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 18:273-289.
  • Sourander A (2004) Combined psychopharmacological treatment among child and adolescent inpatients in Finland. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 13: 179–184.
  • Soutullo CA (2003) Pediatric bipolarity: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. In AACAP Symposium 63. Scientific Proceedings (Eds K Saxena, R Kowatch, E Liebenluft, KD Chang):99–100. Miami, FL, USA, October 18 2003.
  • Soutullo CA, Chang KD, Diez-Suarez A, Figueroa-Quintana A, Escamilla-Canales I, Rapado-Castro M et al. (2005) Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. Bipolar Disord, 7:497–506.
  • Stringaris A, Baroni A, Haimm C, Brotman M, Lowe CH, Myers F et al. (2010) Pediatric bipolar disorder versus severe mood dysregulation: risk for manic episodes on follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49:397-405.
  • Stringaris A, Cohen P, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2009) Adult outcomes of youth irritability: a 20-year prospective community-based study. Am J Psychiatry, 166:1048–1054.
  • Tramontina S, Schmitz M, Polanczyk G, Rohde L (2003) Juvenile bipolar disorder in Brazil: clinical and treatment findings. Biol Psychiatry, 53:1043–1049.
  • Uchida M, Serra G, Zayas L, Kentworthy T, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2015) Can unipolar and bipolar pediatric major depression be differentiated from each other? a systematic review of crosssectional studies examining differences in unipolar and bipolar depression. J Affect Disord, 176:1-7.
  • Van Meter AR, Moreira AL, Youngstrom EA (2011a) Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 72:1250-1256.
  • Van Meter A, Youngstrom EA, Youngstrom JK, Feeny NC, Findling RL (2011b) Examining the validity of cyclothymic disorder in a youth sample. J Affect Disord, 132:55-63.
  • Washburn JJ, West AE, Heil JA (2011) Treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder: a review. Minerva Psichiatr, 52:21-35.
  • Wozniak J, Biederman J, Faraone S V (2013) Does sex moderate the clinical correlates of pediatric bipolar-1 disorder? Results from a large controlled family-genetic study. J Affect Disord, 49:269-276.
  • Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Monuteaux M, Coville A, Biederman J (2010) A controlled family study of children with DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med, 40:1079-1088.
  • Youngstrom EA, Birmaher B, Findling RL (2008) Pediatric bipolar disorder: validity, phenomenology, and recommendations for diagnosis. Bipolar Disord, 10:194-214.
  • Youngstrom EA, Duax J (2005) Evidence-based assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder, part I: base rate and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44:712-717.

Pediatrik Bipolar Bozuklukta Epidemiyoloji

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 382 - 390, 15.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150410011326

Abstract

Çocuk ve ergenlerde bipolar bozukluk tanısı giderek artış göstermektedir. Çocuk ve ergen popülasyonunda intihar girişiminde bulunanların önemli bir oranının bipolar bozukluğu olanlarda ortaya çıkıyor olması, bu hastalığın tanı ve tedavisini daha da önemli kılmaktadır. Özellikle ergenlik dönemi öncesi örneklemlerde açık tanı ölçütlerinin olmaması ve değerlendirmelerin belirtilere dayanılarak yapılmasından dolayı yanlış biçimde bipolar bozukluk tanısı konduğu ve yaygınlık oranlarının oldu-ğundan fazla saptandığına dair endişeler vardır. Bunlardan ötürü, çocuk ve ergen bipolar bozukluğu-nun yaygınlığı konusundaki veriler hem farklılık göstermekte hem de tartışılmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, bipolar bozukluğun yaygınlığı toplum, poliklinik ve yatan hasta örnekleminde literatür gözden geçirilmiştir.

 

References

  • Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M, Gill MK, Valeri S, Chiappetta et al. (2006) Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63:1139-1148.
  • Berkem M (2007) İki Uçlu Bozukluk. In Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kitabı (Eds AS Aysev, YI Taner):373-382. İstanbul, Golden Print.
  • Biederman J, Faraone SV, Wozniak J, Mick E, Kwon A, Cayton GA et al. (2005) Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents. J Psychiatric Res, 39:611– 622.
  • Birmaher B, Axelson D (2006) Course and outcome of bipolar spectrum disorder in children and adolescents: a review of the existing literature. Dev Psychopathol, 18:1023-1035.
  • Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey et al (2009) Lifetime psychiatric disorders in schoolaged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66:287-296.
  • Blader JC, Carlson GA (2007) Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent, and adult inpatients, 1996-2004. Biol Psychiatry, 62:107-114.
  • Blader JC, Kafantaris V (2007) Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother, 7:259-270.
  • Brotman MA, Schmajuk M, Rich BA, Dickstein DP, Guyer AE, Costello et al. (2006) Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biol Psychiatry, 60:991–997.
  • Cahill C, Hanstock T, Jairam R, Hazell P, Walter G, Malhi GS (2007) Comparison of diagnostic guidelines for juvenile bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 41:479-484.
  • Carlson GA, Glovinsky I (2009) The concept of bipolar disorder in children: a history of the bipolar controversy. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 18:257-271.
  • Cicero D, Epler A, Sher K (2009) Are there developmentally limited forms of bipolar disorder? J Abnorm Psychol, 118:431–447.
  • Demeter CA, Youngstrom EA, Carlson GA, Frazier TW, Rowles BM et al. (2013) Age differences in the phenomenology of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord, 147:295-303.
  • Diler RS, Uguz S, Seydaoglu G, Avci A (2008) Mania profile in a community sample of prepubertal children in Turkey. Bipolar Disord, 10:546-553.
  • Emiroğlu FN, Bozabalı ÖG (2002) Çocukluk ve ergenlik çağı bipolar bozukluğu tanı ve ayırıcı tanı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 9:178-189.
  • Emiroglu FN, Diler RS (2009) Pediatric bipolar disorders: from the perspective of Turkey. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 18:206-214.
  • Escamilla I, Wozniak J, Soutullo CA, Gamazo-Garran P, Figueroa-Quintana A, Biederman J (2011) Pediatric bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample: results after 2.6years of follow-up. J Affect Disord, 132:270-274.
  • Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2003) The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 42:1203–1211.
  • Fristad MA, Algorta GP (2013) Future directions for research on youth with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 42:734-747.
  • Goldstein BI (2012) Recent progress in understanding pediatric bipolar disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 166:362-371.
  • Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (2007) Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, 2nd edition. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Goldstein BI, Shamseddeen W, Axelson DA, Kalas C, Monk K, Brent DA et al. (2010) Clinical, demographic, and familial correlates of bipolar spectrum disorders among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49:388- 396.
  • Gökler B (2008) Bipolar Duygudurum Bozukluğu.In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Eds FÇ Çuhadaroğlu, A Coşkun, E İşeri, S Miral, N Motavallı, B Pehlivantürk):383-393. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Hauser M, Galling B, Corell CU (2013) Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence rates, correlates and targeted interventions. Bipolar Disord, 15:507-523.
  • Hodgins S, Faucher B, Zarac A, Ellenbogen M (2002) Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a population at high risk for major affective disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 11:533–553.
  • Holtmann M, Duketis E, Poustika L, Zepf F, Poustka F, Bolte S (2010) Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents in Germany: national trends in the rates of inpatients, 2000-2007. Bipolar Disord, 12:155-163.
  • Holtmann M, Goth K, Wockel L, Poustka F, Bolte S (2008) CBCL-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype: severe ADHD or bipolar disorder? J Neural Transm, 115:155–161.
  • İnal-Emiroglu FN, Ozerdem A, Miklowitz DJ, Baykara A, Akay A (2008) Mood and disruptive behavior disorders and symptoms in the offspring of patients with bipolar I disorder. World Psychiatry, 7:110-112.
  • Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Green J, Gruber MJ, Guyer M, He Y et al. (2009) National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): III. Concordance of DSM-IV/CIDI diagnoses with clinical reassessments. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48:386–399.
  • Krieger FV, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A, Polanczyk GV (2013) Irritability in children and adolescents: past concepts, current debates and future opportunities. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 35 (Suppl 1):S32-S39.
  • Lasky T, Krieger A, Elixhauser A, Vitiello B (2011) Children's hospitalizations with a mood disorder diagnosis in general hospitals in the united states 2000-2006. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 7:5-27.
  • Lazaro L, Castro-Fornieles J, de la Fuente JE, Baeza I, Morer A, Pamias M (2007) Differences between prepubertal versus adolescent-onset bipolar disorder in a Spanish clinical sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 16:510–516.
  • Luby J, Tandon M, Nicol G (2007) Three clinical cases of DSM-IV mania symptoms in preschoolers. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 17:237-243.
  • Marchand WR, Wirth L, Simon C (2006) Delayed diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder in a community mental health setting. J Psychiatr Pract, 12:128-133.
  • Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M et al. (2007) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:543–552.
  • Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L et al. (2010) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49 (suppl):980-989.
  • Meyer T, Kobmann-Bohm S, Schlottke P (2004) Do child psychiatrists in Germany diagnose bipolar disorders in children and adolescents? results from a survey. Bipolar Disord, 5:426–431.
  • Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C, Jiang H, Schmidt AB, Olfson M (2007) National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:1032-1039.
  • Parry PI, Levin EC (2012) Pediatric bipolar disorder in an era of "mindless psychiatry". J Trauma Dissociation, 13:51-68.
  • Pavuluri MN, Birmaher B, Naylor MW (2005) Paediatric bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44:846–871.
  • Sala R, Axelson D, Birmaher B (2009) Phenomenology, longitudinal course, and outcome of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 18:273-289.
  • Sourander A (2004) Combined psychopharmacological treatment among child and adolescent inpatients in Finland. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 13: 179–184.
  • Soutullo CA (2003) Pediatric bipolarity: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. In AACAP Symposium 63. Scientific Proceedings (Eds K Saxena, R Kowatch, E Liebenluft, KD Chang):99–100. Miami, FL, USA, October 18 2003.
  • Soutullo CA, Chang KD, Diez-Suarez A, Figueroa-Quintana A, Escamilla-Canales I, Rapado-Castro M et al. (2005) Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. Bipolar Disord, 7:497–506.
  • Stringaris A, Baroni A, Haimm C, Brotman M, Lowe CH, Myers F et al. (2010) Pediatric bipolar disorder versus severe mood dysregulation: risk for manic episodes on follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 49:397-405.
  • Stringaris A, Cohen P, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2009) Adult outcomes of youth irritability: a 20-year prospective community-based study. Am J Psychiatry, 166:1048–1054.
  • Tramontina S, Schmitz M, Polanczyk G, Rohde L (2003) Juvenile bipolar disorder in Brazil: clinical and treatment findings. Biol Psychiatry, 53:1043–1049.
  • Uchida M, Serra G, Zayas L, Kentworthy T, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2015) Can unipolar and bipolar pediatric major depression be differentiated from each other? a systematic review of crosssectional studies examining differences in unipolar and bipolar depression. J Affect Disord, 176:1-7.
  • Van Meter AR, Moreira AL, Youngstrom EA (2011a) Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 72:1250-1256.
  • Van Meter A, Youngstrom EA, Youngstrom JK, Feeny NC, Findling RL (2011b) Examining the validity of cyclothymic disorder in a youth sample. J Affect Disord, 132:55-63.
  • Washburn JJ, West AE, Heil JA (2011) Treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder: a review. Minerva Psichiatr, 52:21-35.
  • Wozniak J, Biederman J, Faraone S V (2013) Does sex moderate the clinical correlates of pediatric bipolar-1 disorder? Results from a large controlled family-genetic study. J Affect Disord, 49:269-276.
  • Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Monuteaux M, Coville A, Biederman J (2010) A controlled family study of children with DSM-IV bipolar-I disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychol Med, 40:1079-1088.
  • Youngstrom EA, Birmaher B, Findling RL (2008) Pediatric bipolar disorder: validity, phenomenology, and recommendations for diagnosis. Bipolar Disord, 10:194-214.
  • Youngstrom EA, Duax J (2005) Evidence-based assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder, part I: base rate and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44:712-717.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Caner Mutlu This is me

Neslim Güvendeğer Doksat

Ayten Erdoğan This is me

Publication Date August 15, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 7 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Mutlu C, Doksat NG, Erdoğan A. Pediatrik Bipolar Bozuklukta Epidemiyoloji. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. August 2015;7(4):382-390. doi:10.5455/cap.20150410011326

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