Binge Eating Disorder

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 419 - 435, 15.08.2015

Şenol Turan , Cana Aksoy Poyraz Armağan Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150213091928

Abstract

Binge Eating Disorder, characterized by frequent and persistent overeating episodes that are accompanied by feeling of loss of control over eating without regular compensatory behaviors and was identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a new eating disorder category. Binge Eating Disorder is the most common eating disorder among adults. Binge Eating Disorder is associated with significant morbidity, including medical complications related to obesity, eating disorder psychopathology, psychiatric comorbidity; reduced quality of life, and impaired social functioning. Current treatments of Binge Eating Disorder include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and bariatric surgery. In this review, the definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, and also mainly treatment of Binge Eating Disorder are discussed.

 

Keywords

Binge eating disorder, eating disorder, psychotherapy

Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu

Abstract

Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu, yeme davranışı üzerine kontrol kaybının hissedildiği, tekrarlayan aşırı yeme dönemleriyle kendini gösteren ve kişinin tıkınırcasına yeme nöbetlerinin yol açabileceği etkileri giderebilmek için bir takım yöntemlere başvurmadığı bir yeme bozukluğudur ve Mental Bozuklukların Tanı ve İstatistiğinin Elkitabı’nda yeni bir yeme bozukluğu olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu’nun, erişkinlerde görülen en yaygın yeme bozukluğu olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu’nda obeziteyle ilişkili tıbbi komplikasyonlar, yeme bozukluğuna bağlı psikopatolojiler ve başka ruhsal bozukluklar da görülebilmektedir; ve bütün bunlar kişide önemli rahatsızlıklara yol açmakta, bireyin yaşam kalitesinin düşmesine ve sosyal ilişkilerinin bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu’nun tedavisi ilaç tedavileri, psikoterapi ve bariatrik cerrahiden oluşmaktadır. Bu derlemede, Tıkınırcasına Yeme Bozukluğu’nun tanımı, epidemiyolojisi, etiyolojisi, klinik özellikleri ve ağırlıklı olarak tedavisi tartışılmıştır.

 

Keywords

Tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu, yeme bozukluğu, psikoterapi

References

• APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
• APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association.
• Annagür BB, Orhan FÖ, Özer A, Tamam L, Erhan Ç (2012) Obezitede dürtüsellik ve emosyonel faktörler: bir ön çalışma. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 49:14-19.
• Appolinario JC, Bacaltchuk J, Sichieri R, Claudino AM, Godoy-Matos A, Morgan C et al. (2003) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60:1109-1116.
• Appolinario JC, Godoy-Matos A, Fontenelle LF, Carraro L, Cabral M, Vieira A et al. (2002) An open-label trial of sibutramine in obese patients with binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 63:28-30.
• Arbaizar B, Gómez-Acebo I, Llorca J (2008) Efficacy of topiramate in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 30:471-475.
• Arnold LM, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Welge JA, Bennett AJ, Keck PE Jr (2002) A placebo-controlled, randomized trial of fluoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 63:1028-1033.
• Avena NM, Bocarsly ME (2012) Dysregulation of brain reward systems in eating disorders: neurochemical information from animal models of binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. Neuropharmacology, 63:87-96.
• Bankoff SM, Karpel MG, Forbes HE, Pantalone DW (2012) A systematic review of dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Eat Disord, 20:196-215.
• Beck JS (2001) Bilişsel Terapi Temel İlkeler ve Ötesi (Çeviri Ed. NH Şahin). Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları .
• Bello NT, Hajnal A (2010) Dopamine and binge eating behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 97:25-33.
• Branson R, Potoczna N, Kral JG, Lentes KU, Hoehe MR, Horber FF (2003) Binge eating as a major phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations. N Engl J Med, 348:1096-1103.
• Brownley KA, Von Holle A, Hamer RM, La Via M, Bulik CM (2013) A double-blind, randomized pilot trial of chromium picolinate for binge eating disorder: results of the Binge Eating and Chromium (BEACh) study. J Psychosom Res, 75:36-42.
• Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K et al. (2004) Bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 292:1724-1737.
• Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Kendler KS (2003) Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity and binge eating. Int J Eat Disord, 33:293-298.
• Cao X, Xu P, Oyola MG, Xia Y, Yan X, Saito K et al. (2014) Estrogens stimulate serotonin neurons to inhibit binge-like eating in mice. J Clin Invest, 124:4351-4362.
• Carter JC, Fairburn CG (1998) Cognitive-behavioral self-help for binge eating disorder: a controlled effectiveness study. J Consult Clin Psychol, 66:616-623.
• Cassin SE, von Ranson KM, Heng K, Brar J, Wojtowicz AE (2008) Adapted motivational interviewing for women with binge eating disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychol Addict Behav, 22:417-425.
• Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH (2009) Baclofen, raclopride, and naltrexone differentially affect intake of fat and sucrose under limited access conditions. Behav Pharmacol, 20:537-548.
• Cottone P, Sabino V, Steardo L, Zorrilla EP (2008) Opioid-dependent anticipatory negative contrast and binge-like eating in rats with limited access to highly preferred food. Neuropsychopharmacol, 33:524-535.
• Courcoulas A, Christian NJ, Belle SH, Berk PD, Flum DR, Garcia L et al. (2013) Weight change and health outcomes at 3 years after bariatric surgery among individuals with severe obesity. JAMA, 310:2416-2225.
• Çobanoğlu ZSÜ, Altuntaş Y, Karamustafalıoğlu KO, Şengül A, Çobanoğlu N (2008) Tip 1 ve Tip 2 diyabetes mellitus hastalarında yeme bozuklukları ve bozulmuş yeme davranışı. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatrik ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 21:24-31.
• Devlin MJ, Allison KC, Goldfein JA, Spanos A (2007) Management of Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. In: Clinical Manual of Eating Disorders, (Eds J Yagers, PS Powers):195-207. Arlington, American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Dingemans AE, Bruna MJ, van Furth EF (2002) Binge eating disorder. Int J Obes, 26:299-307.
• Erlanson-Albertsson C (2005) How palatable food disrupts appetite regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 97:61-73.
• Fairburn CG (1997) Interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. In Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders, (Eds DM Garner, PE Garfinkel):278-294. New York, Guilford Press.
• Fairburn CG, Cooper Z (1993) The eating disorders examination. In Binge Eating: Nature Assessment and Treatment, 12th ed. (Eds CG Fairburn, GT Wilson):317-360. New York, Guilford Press.
• Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Doll HA, Norman P, O'Connor M (2000) The natural course of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder in young women. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57:659-665.
• Fairnburn CG, Doll HA, Welch SL, Hay PJ, Davies BA, O'Connor ME (1998) Risk factors for binge eating disorder: a community based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55:425-432.
• Fairnburn GC (1985) Cognitive-behavioral treatment for bulimia. In: Handbook of psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, (Eds DM Garner, PE Garfinkel):160-192. New York, Guilford Press.
• Farci AMG, Piras S, Murgia M, Chessa A, Restivo A, Gessa GL et al. (2015) Disulfiram for binge eating disorder: an open trail. Eat Behav, 16:84-87.
• Fichter MM, Quadflieg N, Gnutzmann A (1998) Binge eating disorder: treatment outcome over a 6-year course. J Psychosom Res,
• Fichter MM, Quadflieg N, Hedlund S (2008) Long-term course of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa: relevance for nosology and diagnostic criteria. Int J Eat Disord, 41:577-586.
• Fischer S, Meyer AH, Dremmel D, Schlup B, Munsch S (2014) Short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder: long-term efficacy and predictors of long-term treatment success. Behav Res Ther, 58:36-42.
• Fowler S, Bulik C (1997) Family environment and psychiatric history in women with binge eating disorder and obese controls. Behav Change, 14:106-112.
• Gamero-Villarroel C, Rodriguez-Lopez R, Jimenez M, Carrillo JA, Garcia-Herraiz A, Albuquerque D et al. (2015) Melanocortin 4 receptor gene variants are not associated with binge-eating behavior in non-obese patients with eating disorders. Psychiatr Genet, 25:35-38.
• Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Hashim SA (2005) Plasma ghrelin concentrations are lower in binge-eating disorder. J Nutr, 135:1326- 1330.
• Geller J, Brown KE, Srikameswaran S (2011) The efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for individuals with eating disorders: A randomized control trial. Int J Eat Disord, 44:497-505.
• Golay A, Laurent-Jaccard A, Habicht F, Gachoud JP, Chabloz M, Kammer A et al. (2005) Effect of orlistat in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Obes Res, 13:1701-1708.
• Grilo CM, Crosby RD, Wilson GT, Masheb RM (2012) 12-month follow-up of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 80:1108-1113.
• Grilo CM, Masheb RM (2005) A randomized controlled comparison of guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral weight loss for binge eating disorder. Behav Res Ther, 43:1509-1525.
• Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT (2005) Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled comparison. Biol Psychiatry, 57:301-309.
• Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT, Gueorguieva R, White MA (2011) Cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral weight loss, and sequential treatment for obese patients with binge eating disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 79:675-685.
• Grucza RA, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR (2007) Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Compr Psychiatry, 48:124-131.
• Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, Nelson EB, Mori N, McCoy J et al. (2012) Duloxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder with depressive disorders: a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord, 45:281-289.
• Gürdal Küey A (2013) Psikanalitik kuram ve yeme bozuklukları. In Yeme Bozuklukları ve Obezite (Eds B Yücel, A Akdemir, A Gürdal Küey, F Maner, E Vardar ):59-65. Ankara, Türk Psikiyatri Derneği.
• Halmi KA (1994) A multi-modal model for understanding and treating eating disorders. J Womens Health, 3:487-493.
• Hay P (1998) The epidemiology of eating disorder behaviors: an Australian community-based survey. Int J Eat Disord, 23:371-382.
• Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P (2009) Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (4):CD000562..
• Hebebrand J, Geller F, Dempfle A, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Raab M, Gerber G et al. (2004) Binge-eating episodes are not characteristic of carriers of melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutations. Mol Psychiatry, 9:796-800.
• Herpertz S, Siffert W, Hebebrand J (2003) Binge eating as a phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations.N Engl J Med, 349:606-609.
• Herzog DB, Eddy KT (2007) Diagnosis, epidemiology and clinical course of eating disorders. In Clinical Manual of Eating Disorders (Eds J Yager, PS Powers):1-31. Arlington, American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Hilbert A, Bishop ME, Stein RI, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Swenson AK, Welch RR et al. (2012) Long-term efficacy of psychological treatments for binge eating disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 200:232-237.
• Hsu LKG (2006) Eating Disorders in Obesity. In Obesity and Mental Disorders (Eds SL McElroy, DB Allison, GA Bray):93-103. New York, Taylor and Francis.
• Hudson J, Lalonde J, Pindyck L, Bulik C, Crow S, McElroy S et al. (2006) Familial aggregation of binge-eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63:313-319.
• Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC (2007) The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry, 61:348-358.
• Hudson JI, McElroy SI, Raymond NC, Crow S, Keck PE, William P et al. (1998) Fluvoxamine in the treatment of binge eating disorder: A multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Psychiatry, 155:1756-1762.
• Iacovino JM, Gredysa DM, Altman M, Wilfley DE (2012) Psychological treatments for binge eating disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep,
• Javaras KN, Laird NM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Bulik CM, Pope HG, Hudson JI (2008) Familiality and heritability of binge eating disorder: results of a case-control family study and a twin study. Int J Eat Disord, 41:174-179.
• Jimerson DC, Lesem MD, Kaye WH, Hegg AP, Brewerton TD (1990) Eating disorders and depression: is there a serotonin connection? Biol Psychiatry, 28:443-454.
• Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE (2005) A proposed hypothalamic - thalamic - striatal axis for the integration of energy balance, arousal, and food reward. J Comp Neurol, 493:72-85.
• Kessler RC, Berglung PA, Chiu WT, Deitz AC, Hudson JI, Shahly V et al. (2013) The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry, 73:904-914.
• Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO (1998) Psychological symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. Health Psychol, 17:336-345.
• Klerman GL, Weissman MM, Rounsaville B, Chevron E (1984) Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York, Basic Books.
• Kugu N, Akyuz G, Dogan O ve ark. (2006) The prevalence of eating disorders among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 40:129-35.
• Leombruni P, Piero A, Lavagnino L, Brustolin A, Campisi S, Fassino S (2008) A randomized, double-blind trial comparing sertraline and fluoxetine 6-month treatment in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 32:1599-1605.
• Linehan MM (1993) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, Guilford Press.
• Macdonald P, Hibbs R, Corfield F, Treasure J (2012) The use of motivational interviewing in eating disorders: a systematic review. Psychatry Res, 200:1-11.
• Malhotra S, King KH, Welge JA, Brusman-Lovins L, McElroy SL (2002) Venlafaxine treatment of binge-eating disorder associated with obesity: a series of 35 patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 63:802-806.
• Maner F (2013) Yeme bozuklukları ve bilişsel davranışçı görüşler. In Yeme Bozuklukları ve Obezite (Eds B Yücel, A Akdemir, A Gürdal Küey, F Maner, E Vardar): 67-76. Ankara, Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği.
• Mannucci E, Bardini G, Ricca V, Tesi F, Piani F, Tannini R et al. (1997) Eating attitudes and behavior in patients with type II diabetes. Diabet Nutr Metab, 10:275-281.
• Masson PC, von Ranson KM, Wallace LM, Safer DL (2013) A randomized wait-list controlled pilot study of dialectical behaviour therapy guided self-help for binge eating disorder. Behav Res Ther, 51:723-728.
• Mathes WF, Brownley KA, Mo X, Bulik CM (2009) The biology of binge eating. Appetite, 52:545-553.
• McElroy SL, Casuto LS, Nelson EB, Lake KA, Soutullo CA, Keck PE et al. (2000) Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 157:1004-1006.
• McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA et al. (2007) Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 68:390-398.
• McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Blom TJ, Crow SJ, Memisoglu A, Silverman BL et al. (2013) A placebo-controlled pilot study of the novel opioid receptor antagonist ALKS-33 in binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 46:239-245.
• McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, O'Melia AM (2012) Current pharmacotherapy options for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 13:2015-2026.
• McElroy SL, Guerdjkova AI, Winstanley EL, O’Melia AM, Mori N, McCoy J et al. (2011) Acamprosate in the treatment of binge eating disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord, 44:81-90.
• McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Malhotra S, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Keck PE Jr (2003) Citalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: A placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:807-813.
• McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Guerdjikova AI, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA et al. (2006) Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 67:1897-1906.
• McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Hudson JI, Nelson EB, Keck PE (2004) Zonisamide in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 65:50-56.
• Milano W, Petrella C, Casella A, Capasso A, Carrino S, Milano L (2005) Use of sibutramine, an inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, in the treatment of binge eating disorder: a placebo-controlled study. Adv Ther, 22:25-31.
• Miller WR, Rollnick S (2002) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. New York, Guilford Press.
• Monteleone P, Brambilla F, Bortolotti F, Maj M (2000) Serotonergic dysfunction across the eating disorders: relationship to eating behaviour, purging behaviour, nutritional status and general psychopathology. Psychol Med, 30:1099-1110.
• Monteleone P, Tortorella A, Castaldo E, Di Filippo C, Maj M (2007) The Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene is significantly associated with binge eating disorder. Psychiatr Genet, 17:13-16.
• Monteleone P, Tortorella A, Castaldo E, Maj M (2006) Association of a functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with binge eating disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 141:7-9.
• Munsch S, Biedert E, Meyer A, Michael T, Schlup B, Tuch A et al. (2007) A randomized comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral weight loss treatment for overweight individuals with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 40:102-113.
• NICE (2004) Eating disorders - Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, related eating disorders. NICE Clinical Guideline No:9. London, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
• Orhan FÖ, Tuncel D (2009) Gece yeme bozuklukları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1:132-154.
• Papelbaum M, Appolinario JC, Moreira Rde O, Ellinger VC, Kupfer R, Coutinho WF (2005) Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diyabetes mellitus patients. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 27:135-138.
• Pearlstein T, Spurell E, Hohlstein LA, Gurney V, Read J, Fuchs C et al. (2003) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Arch Womens Ment Health, 6:147-151.
• Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Jonas JM, Yurgelin-Todd D (1983) Bulimia treated with imipramine: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry, 140:554-558.
• Ramacciotti CE, Coli E, Marazziti D, Segura-García C, Brambilla F, Piccinni A, Dell'osso L (2013) Therapeutic options for binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord, 18:3-9.
• Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Bulik CM, Tambs K, Harris JR (2004) Genetic and environmental influences on binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviors: a population-based twin study. Int J Eat Disord, 36:307-314.
• Ricca V, Castellini G, Mannucci E, Sauro CL, Ravaldi C, Rotella CM et al. (2010) Comparison of individual and group cognitive behavioral therapy for bingeeating disorder. A randomized, three-year follow-up study. Appetite, 55:656-665.
• Rieger E, Wilfley DE, Stein RI, Marino V, Crow SJ (2005) A comparison of quality of life in obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 37:234-240.
• Root TL, Thornton LM, Lindroos AK, Stunkard AJ, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL et al. (2010) Shared and unique genetic and environmental influences on binge eating and night eating: a Swedish twin study. Eat Behav, 11:92-98.
• Santonastaso P, Ferrara S, Favaro A (1999) Differences between binge eating disorder and nonpurging bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 25:215-218.
• Shirmer B, Schauer P (2010) Surgical management of obesity. In: Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery, 9th ed. (Eds FC Brunicardi):949- 978. New York, McGraw Hill.
• Silveira RO, Zanatto V, Appolinário JC, Kapczinski F (2005) An open trial of reboxetine in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord, 10:93-96.
• Spitzer RL, Devlin M, Walsh BT, Hasin D, Wing R, Marcus MD et al. (1991) Binge eating disorder: to be or not to be in DSM-IV. Int J Eat Disord, 10:627-629.
• Spitzer RL, Yanovski SZ, Wadden T, Wing R, Marcus M, Stunkard A et al. (1993) Binge eating disorder: A multisite field trial of the diagnostic criteria. Int J Eat Disord, 13:137-153.
• Stefano SC, Bacaltchuk J, Blay SL, Appolinario JC (2008) Antidepressants in short-term treatment of binge eating disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Behav, 9:129-136.
• Steiger H (2004) Eating disorders and the serotonin connection: state, trait and developmental effects. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 29(1):20-29.
• Striegel-Moore RH, Wilson GT, DeBar L, Perrin N, Lynch F, Rosselli F et al. (2010) Cognitive behavioral guided self-help for the treatment of recurrent binge eating. J Consult Clin Psychol, 78:312-321.
• Stunkard A, Berkowitz R, Tanrikut C, Reiss E, Young L (1996) D-fenfluramine treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 153(11):1455-1459.
• Stunkard AJ (1959) Eating Patterns and Obesity. Psychiat Quart, 33: 284-295.
• Sungur MZ (2003) Bilişsel davranışçı terapilerin temel ilke ve özellikleri ve entegre yaklaşımın yararları. 3P Dergisi, 11:31-38.
• Swanson SA, Saito N, Borges G, Benjet C, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Medina-Mora ME et al. (2012) Change in binge eating and binge eating disorder associated with migration from Mexico to the US. J Psychiatr Res, 46:31-37.
• Tasca G, Lelievre JY, Qiu Q, Ritchie K, Little J, Trinneer A et al. (2013) Characterization of IGF-II isoforms in binge eating disorder and its group psychological treatment. PLoS One, 8:e83019.
• Telch CF, Agras WS, Linehan MM (2001) Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 69:1061- 1065.
• Topçuoğlu V (2013) Tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu ve tedavisi. In Yeme Bozuklukları ve Obezite, (Eds B Yücel, A Akdemir, A Gürdal Küey, F Maner, E Vardar):261-272. Ankara, Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği.
• Trunko ME, Schwartz TA, Marzola E, Klein AS, Kaye WH (2014) Lamotrigine use in patients with binge eating and purging, significant affect dysregulation, and poor impulse control. Int J Eat Disord, 47:329-34.
• Türkçapar H (2007) Bilişsel Terapi Temel İlkeler ve Uygulama. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Van Hanswijck De Jonge P, Van Furth EF, Lacey JH, Waller G (2003) The prevalence of DSM-IV personality pathology among individuals with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity. Psychol Med, 33:1311-1317.
• Vardar E, Erzengin M (2011) Ergenlerde yeme bozukluklarının yaygınlığı ve psikiyatrik eş tanıları iki aşamalı toplum merkezli bir çalışma. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 22:205-212.
• Vella-Zarb RA, Mills JS, Westra HA, Carter JC, Keating L (2015) A randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing + self- help versus psychoeducation + self-help for binge eating. Int J Eat Disord, 48:328-332.
• Vinai P, Da Ros A, Speciale M, Gentile N, Tagliabue A, Vinai P et al. (2015) Psychopathological characteristics of patients seeking for bariatric surgery, either affected or not by binge eating disorder following the criteria of the DSM IV TR and of the DSM 5. Eat Behav, 16:1-4.
• Vocks S,Tuschen-Caffier B, Pietrowsky R, Rustenbach SJ, Kersting A, Herpertz S (2010) Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 43:205-217.
• Westenhoefer J (2001) Prevalence of eating disorders and weight control practices in Germany in 1990 and 1997. Int J Eat Disord, 29:477-481.
• White MA, Grilo CM (2013) Bupropion for overweight women with binge-eating disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry, 74:400-406.
• Wilfley DE, Crow SJ, Hudson JI, Mitchell JE, Berkowitz RI, Blakesley V et al. (2008) Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry, 165:51-58.
• Wilfley DE, Frank E, Welch R, Spurrell EB, Rounsaville B (1998) Adapting Interpersonal Psychotherapy to a group format (IPT-G) for binge eating disorder: toward a model for adapting empirically- supported treatments. Psychother Res, 8:379-391.
• Wilfley DE, Friedman MA, Dounchis JZ, Stein RI, Welch RR, Ball SA (2000) Comorbid psychopathology in binge eating disorder: relation to eating disorder severity at baseline and following treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol, 68:641-649.
• Wilfley DE, Wilson GT, Agras WS (2003) The clinical significance of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 34:96-106.
• Wilson GT (2011) Treatment of binge eating disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 34:773-783.
• Wilson GT, Wilfley DE, Agras WS, Bryson SW (2010) Psychological treatments of binge eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67:94-101.
• Wiser S, Telch CF (1999) Dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychol , 55:755-768.