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Alexithymia, Temperament and Character Traits in Patients with Epilepsy

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 23.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.28094

Abstract

Epilepsy is a frequent chronic disease characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions. Due to chronic nature and functionality loss, a variety of psychiatric disorders may occur concurrently. In diseases like epilepsy, psychiatric disorders may disrupt both quality of life, social and family functionality and make the illness more resistant. Common psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy include depression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. In addition, personality disorders and alexithymic features characterized by difficulty in recognizing and expressing feelings can also be observed. Similar dysfunctions and lesions are detected in the brains of alexithymic and epileptic patients and it has been reported that epileptic patients have difficulties in expressing thoughts and feelings as patients with alexithymia. There are few studies regarding epilepsy, temperament and character traits, alexithymia and on what level do these aspects effect the disease. Here we aimed to review effects and presence of alexithymia and temperament-character traits in patients with epilepsy.

References

  • Allport GW (1937) Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York, Holt Rinehart& Winston.
  • Bailey PE, Henry JD (2007) Alexithymia, somatization and negative affect in a community sample. Psychiatry Res, 28:13-20.
  • Batıgün AD, Büyükşahin A (2008) Aleksitimi: psikolojik belirtiler ve bağlanma stilleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11:105-114.
  • Bear DM, Fedio P (1977) Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol, 34:454-467.
  • Bear D (1979) Temporal lobe epilepsy: a syndrome of sensorylimbic hyperconnection. Cortex, 15:357-384.
  • Bewley J, Murphy PN, Mallows J, Baker GA (2005) Does alexithymia differentiate between patients with nonepileptic seizures, patients with epilepsy, and nonpatient controls? Epilepsy Behav, 7:430-437.
  • Blanchard BE, Arena JG, Pallmeyer, JP (1981) Psychosometrik properties of a scale to measure alexithymia. Psychother Psychosomatic, 35:67-71
  • Borsci G, Boccardi M, Rossi R, Rossi G, Perez J, Bonetti M et al. (2009) Alexithymia in healthy women: a brain morphology study. J Affect Disord, 114:208-215.
  • Bostancı B, Konuk N, Kıran S, Kökrek Z, Naz S (2011) Epilepsi hastalarının kişilik özelliklerinin Cloninger’in mizaç ve karakter ölçeği ile değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12:13-23.
  • Chadwick D (1994) Epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57:264-277.
  • Chung MC, Allen RD, Dennis I (2013) The impact of self-efficacy, alexithymia and multiple traumas on posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity following epileptic seizures: a moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatry Res, 210:1033- 1041.
  • Chung MC, Allen RD (2013) Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder following epileptic seizure. Psychiatr Q, 84:271-285.
  • Cloninger CR (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:573–588.
  • Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR (1993) A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50:975–989.
  • Cloninger CR, Pryzbeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD(1994) The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to its Development and its Use. Washington, Centre for Psychobiology and Personality. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine.
  • Cloninger CR (1998) The genetics and psychobiology of the seven factor model of personality. In The Biology of Personality Disorders (Ed. KR Silk):63-84. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Press.
  • Currie S, Heathfield KWG, Henson RA, Scott DF (1971) Clinical course and prognosis of temporal lobe epilepsy- a survey of 666 patients. Brain, 94:173-190.
  • Dereboy F (1990) Aleksitimi: bir gözden geçirme. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 1:157-165.
  • Devinsky O, Vazquez B (1993) Behavoral changes associated with epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 11:127 -149.
  • Devinsky O, Sanchez-Villasenor F, Vaquez B, Kothari M, Alper K, Luciano D (1996) Clinical profile of patients with epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. Neurology, 46:1530-1533.
  • Devinsky O, Najjar S (1999) Evidence against the existence of a temporal lobe epilepsy personality syndrome. Neurology, 53:23- 25.
  • Dragon MS, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger R (1993) Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50:991-999.
  • Ettinger AB, Weisbrot DM, Krupp LB, Jandorf L, Gaudino E, Cramer J (1998) Symptoms of psychiatric disturbances in epilepsy. J Epilepsy, 11:10-14.
  • Ettinger AB, Kanner AM (2001) Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Faryna A, Rodenhauser P, Torem M (1986) Development of an analog alexithymia scale. Psycychoter Psychosom, 45:201-206.
  • Fenwick P (1995) Psychiatric disorder and epilepsy. In Epilepsy, 2nd ed. (Eds A Hopkins, S Shorvon, G Cascino):453-502. London, Chapman and Hall.
  • Fenwick PBC, Toone BK, Wheeler MJ, Nanjee MN, Grant R, Brown D (1985) Sexual behavior in a center for epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand, 71:428- 435.
  • Gudmundsson G (1966) Epilepsy in Iceland- a clinical and epidemiological investigation. Acta Neurol Scand, 43(Suppl 25):64-90.
  • Hermann BP, Whitman S (1984) Behavioral and personality correlates of epilepsy: a review, methodological critique, and conceptual model. Psychol Bull, 95:451 -497.
  • ILAE (1997) ILAE commission report: the epidemiology of the epilesies: future directions. Epilepsia, 38:614 -618.
  • Jalava M, Sillanpaa M (1996) Concurrent illness in adult with childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based 35-year follow-up study. Epilepsia, 37:1155-1163.
  • Janjua NA, Itano T, Kugah T (1992) Familian increase in plasma glutamic acid in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 11:37-44.
  • Kaplan MJ, Dwivedi AK, Privitera MD, Isaacs K, Hughes C, Bowman M (2013) Comparisons of childhood trauma, alexithymia, and defensive styles in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures vs. epilepsy: Implications for the etiology of conversion disorder. J Psychosom Res, 75:142-146.
  • Kalinin VV, Zemlyanaya AA, Krylov OE, Zheleznova EV (2010) Handedness, alexithymia, and focus laterality as risk factors for psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 17:389-394.
  • Kose S, Sayar K, Kalelioglu U, Aydin N, Celikel FC, Gulec H et al. (2009) Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Compr Psychiatry, 50:361-368.
  • Krystal HJ (1979) Alexithymia and psychotherapy. Am J Psychother, 33:17-31.
  • Krystal HJ (1982) Alexithymia and effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. Int J Psychoanalytic Psychother, 9:353-378.
  • Larsen KJ, Brand N, Bermond B, Hijman R (2003) Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: a review of neurobiological studies. J Psychosom Res, 54:533-541.
  • Lesser IM (1981) A review of the alexithymia concept. Psychosom Med, 43:531-543.
  • Lesser IM (1985) A critique of contributions to the alexithymia symposium. Psychother Psychosom, 44:82-88.
  • Lopez-Rodriguez F, Altshuler L, Kay J, Delarhim S, Mendez M, Engel J (1999) Personality disorders among medically refractory epileptic patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 11:464-469.
  • Ma TM, Hou WK, Hung A, Lee TM (2010) Personality traits and social behaviors predict the psychological adjustment of Chinese people with epilepsy. Seizure, 9:493-500.
  • Mattila AK, Kronholm E, Jula A, Salminen JK, Koivisto AM, Mielonen RL et al.(2008) Alexithymia and somatization in general population. Psychosom Med, 70:716-722.
  • Meldrum BS (1991) Excitatory aminoacid transmission in epilepsy and anticonvulsant therapy. In Excitatory Aminoacids (Eds BS Meldrum, F Moroni, RP Simon):655-670. New York, Raven Press.
  • Meldrum BS (1992) Excitatory aminoacids in epilepsy and potential novel therapies. Epilepsy Res, 12:189-196.
  • Mc Dougall J (1982) Alexithymia; a psychoanalytic viewpoint. Psychother Psychosom, 38:81-90.
  • Moschetta S, Fiore LA, Fuentes D, Gois J, Valente KD (2011) Personality traits in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 21:473-477.
  • Myers L, Matzner B, Lancman M, Perrine K, Lancman M (2013) Prevalence of alexithymia in patients with psychogenic non- epileptic seizures and epileptic seizures and predictors in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 26:153-157.
  • Park S, Yoo HK, Kim JY, Jeon J, Choi SH, Wang HR et al.( 2007) Temperament and character factors in Korean children with seizure disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis, 195:470-476.
  • Peirson AR, Heuchert JW, Thomala L, Berk M, Plein H, Cloninger CR (1999) Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res, 89:29-37.
  • Perrine K, Congett S (1994). Neurobehavioral problems in epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 12(1):129–252.
  • Pond DA, Bidwell BH (1960) A survey of epilepsy in fourteen general practices II. Social and psychological aspects. Epilepsia, 1:285-299.
  • Sifneos PE, Apfel SR, Frankel FH (1977) The phenomenon of alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom, 28:47-57.
  • Sifneos PE (1988) Alexithymia and its relationship to hemispheric specialization affect and creativity. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 11:287-293.
  • Taylor JG, Bagby RM (1988) Creation validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychosom Med, 50:500 509.
  • Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD (1991) Alexithymia construct, a potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosom Med, 32:153-163.
  • Taylor GJ (2001) Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Can J Psychiatry, 45:134-142.
  • Torta R (1995) Depressione: Parkinson ed Epilepssia. Milano, Midserve.
  • Van Gelder NM, Janjua NA, Metrakos K (1980) Plasma aminoacids in 3/sec spike wave epilepsy. Neurochem Res, 5:659-671.
  • Waxman SG, Geshwind N (1975) The interictal behavior syndrome in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 32:1580-1586.
  • Wolf LD, Hentz JG, Ziemba KS, Kirlin KA, Noe KH, Hoerth MT et al. (2015) Quality of life in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and epilepsy: The role of somatization and alexithymia. Epilepsy Behav, 43:81-88.
  • Yazici E, Yazici AB, Aydin N, Orhan A, Kirkpinar I, Acemoglu H (2013) Temperament and character traits in patients with epilepsy: epileptic personality. J Nerv Ment Dis, 201:365-370. Filiz İzci, Yrd.Doç.Dr., İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.

Epilepsi Hastalarında Aleksitimi, Mizaç ve Karakter Özellikleri

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 23.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.28094

Abstract

Epilepsi, bilinç kaybı ve konvülsiyonlarla karakterize, sık görülen kronik bir hastalıktır. Kronik yapısı, işlevsellikte yol açtığı kayıplar nedeniyle, çeşitli psikiyatrik bozuklukları da beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Psikiyatrik bozukluklar ise, epilepsi gibi hastalıklarda hem yaşam kalitesini, hem sosyal ve ailesel işlevselliği bozarak hastalığı daha dirençli hale getirebilmektedir. Epilepsi ile beraber görülen ruhsal bozukluklar arasında depresyon, duygudurum bozuklukları, anksiyete bozuklukları ve dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu gibi hastalıklar yeralmaktadır. Bunun yanısıra kişilik bozuklukları, duyguları tanıma ve ifade etmekte zorlanma gibi aleksitimik özellikleri beraberinde gösterebilmektedir. Aleksitimik ve epileptik hastaların beyinlerinde benzer işlevsel bozukluk ve lezyonlar saptanmış ve epileptik hastaların aleksitimik hastalar gibi düşünce ve duygularını ifade etmede zorluk çektiği bildirilmiştir. Epilepsi ile mizaç ve karakter özellikleri ile aleksitimik özelliklerin ruhsal açıdan hastalığa ne düzeyde etki ettiğini gösteren az sayıda çalışma vardır. Bu yazıda aleksitimi, mizaç ve karakter özelliklerinin epilepsi hastalarındaki varlığını ve etkisinin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Allport GW (1937) Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York, Holt Rinehart& Winston.
  • Bailey PE, Henry JD (2007) Alexithymia, somatization and negative affect in a community sample. Psychiatry Res, 28:13-20.
  • Batıgün AD, Büyükşahin A (2008) Aleksitimi: psikolojik belirtiler ve bağlanma stilleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11:105-114.
  • Bear DM, Fedio P (1977) Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol, 34:454-467.
  • Bear D (1979) Temporal lobe epilepsy: a syndrome of sensorylimbic hyperconnection. Cortex, 15:357-384.
  • Bewley J, Murphy PN, Mallows J, Baker GA (2005) Does alexithymia differentiate between patients with nonepileptic seizures, patients with epilepsy, and nonpatient controls? Epilepsy Behav, 7:430-437.
  • Blanchard BE, Arena JG, Pallmeyer, JP (1981) Psychosometrik properties of a scale to measure alexithymia. Psychother Psychosomatic, 35:67-71
  • Borsci G, Boccardi M, Rossi R, Rossi G, Perez J, Bonetti M et al. (2009) Alexithymia in healthy women: a brain morphology study. J Affect Disord, 114:208-215.
  • Bostancı B, Konuk N, Kıran S, Kökrek Z, Naz S (2011) Epilepsi hastalarının kişilik özelliklerinin Cloninger’in mizaç ve karakter ölçeği ile değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12:13-23.
  • Chadwick D (1994) Epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57:264-277.
  • Chung MC, Allen RD, Dennis I (2013) The impact of self-efficacy, alexithymia and multiple traumas on posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity following epileptic seizures: a moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatry Res, 210:1033- 1041.
  • Chung MC, Allen RD (2013) Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder following epileptic seizure. Psychiatr Q, 84:271-285.
  • Cloninger CR (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:573–588.
  • Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR (1993) A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50:975–989.
  • Cloninger CR, Pryzbeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD(1994) The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to its Development and its Use. Washington, Centre for Psychobiology and Personality. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine.
  • Cloninger CR (1998) The genetics and psychobiology of the seven factor model of personality. In The Biology of Personality Disorders (Ed. KR Silk):63-84. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Press.
  • Currie S, Heathfield KWG, Henson RA, Scott DF (1971) Clinical course and prognosis of temporal lobe epilepsy- a survey of 666 patients. Brain, 94:173-190.
  • Dereboy F (1990) Aleksitimi: bir gözden geçirme. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 1:157-165.
  • Devinsky O, Vazquez B (1993) Behavoral changes associated with epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 11:127 -149.
  • Devinsky O, Sanchez-Villasenor F, Vaquez B, Kothari M, Alper K, Luciano D (1996) Clinical profile of patients with epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. Neurology, 46:1530-1533.
  • Devinsky O, Najjar S (1999) Evidence against the existence of a temporal lobe epilepsy personality syndrome. Neurology, 53:23- 25.
  • Dragon MS, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger R (1993) Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50:991-999.
  • Ettinger AB, Weisbrot DM, Krupp LB, Jandorf L, Gaudino E, Cramer J (1998) Symptoms of psychiatric disturbances in epilepsy. J Epilepsy, 11:10-14.
  • Ettinger AB, Kanner AM (2001) Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Faryna A, Rodenhauser P, Torem M (1986) Development of an analog alexithymia scale. Psycychoter Psychosom, 45:201-206.
  • Fenwick P (1995) Psychiatric disorder and epilepsy. In Epilepsy, 2nd ed. (Eds A Hopkins, S Shorvon, G Cascino):453-502. London, Chapman and Hall.
  • Fenwick PBC, Toone BK, Wheeler MJ, Nanjee MN, Grant R, Brown D (1985) Sexual behavior in a center for epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand, 71:428- 435.
  • Gudmundsson G (1966) Epilepsy in Iceland- a clinical and epidemiological investigation. Acta Neurol Scand, 43(Suppl 25):64-90.
  • Hermann BP, Whitman S (1984) Behavioral and personality correlates of epilepsy: a review, methodological critique, and conceptual model. Psychol Bull, 95:451 -497.
  • ILAE (1997) ILAE commission report: the epidemiology of the epilesies: future directions. Epilepsia, 38:614 -618.
  • Jalava M, Sillanpaa M (1996) Concurrent illness in adult with childhood-onset epilepsy: a population-based 35-year follow-up study. Epilepsia, 37:1155-1163.
  • Janjua NA, Itano T, Kugah T (1992) Familian increase in plasma glutamic acid in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 11:37-44.
  • Kaplan MJ, Dwivedi AK, Privitera MD, Isaacs K, Hughes C, Bowman M (2013) Comparisons of childhood trauma, alexithymia, and defensive styles in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures vs. epilepsy: Implications for the etiology of conversion disorder. J Psychosom Res, 75:142-146.
  • Kalinin VV, Zemlyanaya AA, Krylov OE, Zheleznova EV (2010) Handedness, alexithymia, and focus laterality as risk factors for psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 17:389-394.
  • Kose S, Sayar K, Kalelioglu U, Aydin N, Celikel FC, Gulec H et al. (2009) Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Compr Psychiatry, 50:361-368.
  • Krystal HJ (1979) Alexithymia and psychotherapy. Am J Psychother, 33:17-31.
  • Krystal HJ (1982) Alexithymia and effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. Int J Psychoanalytic Psychother, 9:353-378.
  • Larsen KJ, Brand N, Bermond B, Hijman R (2003) Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: a review of neurobiological studies. J Psychosom Res, 54:533-541.
  • Lesser IM (1981) A review of the alexithymia concept. Psychosom Med, 43:531-543.
  • Lesser IM (1985) A critique of contributions to the alexithymia symposium. Psychother Psychosom, 44:82-88.
  • Lopez-Rodriguez F, Altshuler L, Kay J, Delarhim S, Mendez M, Engel J (1999) Personality disorders among medically refractory epileptic patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 11:464-469.
  • Ma TM, Hou WK, Hung A, Lee TM (2010) Personality traits and social behaviors predict the psychological adjustment of Chinese people with epilepsy. Seizure, 9:493-500.
  • Mattila AK, Kronholm E, Jula A, Salminen JK, Koivisto AM, Mielonen RL et al.(2008) Alexithymia and somatization in general population. Psychosom Med, 70:716-722.
  • Meldrum BS (1991) Excitatory aminoacid transmission in epilepsy and anticonvulsant therapy. In Excitatory Aminoacids (Eds BS Meldrum, F Moroni, RP Simon):655-670. New York, Raven Press.
  • Meldrum BS (1992) Excitatory aminoacids in epilepsy and potential novel therapies. Epilepsy Res, 12:189-196.
  • Mc Dougall J (1982) Alexithymia; a psychoanalytic viewpoint. Psychother Psychosom, 38:81-90.
  • Moschetta S, Fiore LA, Fuentes D, Gois J, Valente KD (2011) Personality traits in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 21:473-477.
  • Myers L, Matzner B, Lancman M, Perrine K, Lancman M (2013) Prevalence of alexithymia in patients with psychogenic non- epileptic seizures and epileptic seizures and predictors in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 26:153-157.
  • Park S, Yoo HK, Kim JY, Jeon J, Choi SH, Wang HR et al.( 2007) Temperament and character factors in Korean children with seizure disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis, 195:470-476.
  • Peirson AR, Heuchert JW, Thomala L, Berk M, Plein H, Cloninger CR (1999) Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res, 89:29-37.
  • Perrine K, Congett S (1994). Neurobehavioral problems in epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 12(1):129–252.
  • Pond DA, Bidwell BH (1960) A survey of epilepsy in fourteen general practices II. Social and psychological aspects. Epilepsia, 1:285-299.
  • Sifneos PE, Apfel SR, Frankel FH (1977) The phenomenon of alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom, 28:47-57.
  • Sifneos PE (1988) Alexithymia and its relationship to hemispheric specialization affect and creativity. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 11:287-293.
  • Taylor JG, Bagby RM (1988) Creation validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychosom Med, 50:500 509.
  • Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD (1991) Alexithymia construct, a potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosom Med, 32:153-163.
  • Taylor GJ (2001) Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Can J Psychiatry, 45:134-142.
  • Torta R (1995) Depressione: Parkinson ed Epilepssia. Milano, Midserve.
  • Van Gelder NM, Janjua NA, Metrakos K (1980) Plasma aminoacids in 3/sec spike wave epilepsy. Neurochem Res, 5:659-671.
  • Waxman SG, Geshwind N (1975) The interictal behavior syndrome in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 32:1580-1586.
  • Wolf LD, Hentz JG, Ziemba KS, Kirlin KA, Noe KH, Hoerth MT et al. (2015) Quality of life in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and epilepsy: The role of somatization and alexithymia. Epilepsy Behav, 43:81-88.
  • Yazici E, Yazici AB, Aydin N, Orhan A, Kirkpinar I, Acemoglu H (2013) Temperament and character traits in patients with epilepsy: epileptic personality. J Nerv Ment Dis, 201:365-370. Filiz İzci, Yrd.Doç.Dr., İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Filiz İzci

Publication Date January 23, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA İzci F. Alexithymia, Temperament and Character Traits in Patients with Epilepsy. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. January 2016;8(1):64-75. doi:10.18863/pgy.28094

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