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Life Structure of Early Adulthood Period in Levinson’s Theory

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 162 - 177, 24.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.12690

Abstract

Early adulthood is one of the important defining periods considered within life-long development in the relevant literature. Early adulthood period consists of psychologically the most satisfying as well as turbulent years of one's life. Universality of theories explaining early adulthood has long been discussed. One of these theories is the Levinson's theory of individual life structure that emphasis on early adult years. In this study life structures of individuals in the early adulthood period was examined in terms of structure-building and structure-changing development tasks, regarding Levinson's theory of individual life structure.

References

  • Arnett JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol, 55:469- 480.
  • Atak H, Taştan N (2012) Romantik ilişkiler ve aşk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4:520-546.
  • Bacanlı H (1998) Eğitim Psikolojisi. Ankara, Asal.
  • Bagwell CL, Bender SE, Andreassi CL, Kinoshita TL, Montarello SA, Muller JG (2005) Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes predict psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. J Soc Pers Relat, 22:235-254.
  • Baltes PB, Reese HW, Nesselroade JR (2014) Life-span developmental psychology: introduction to research method. London, Psychology Press.
  • Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61:226-244.
  • Bell S, Lee C (2006) Does timing and sequencing of transitions to adulthood make a difference? stress, smoking, and physical activity among young Australian women. Int J Behav Med, 13:265-274.
  • Bowlby J (1980) Attachment and Loss, Volume 2. New York, Basic Books.
  • Carpenter G (1992) Adult perceptions of leisure: Life experiences and life structure. Society and Leisure, 15:587-605.
  • Carpenter G (2005) Linking research and practice: a case study in arts programming for adults. 11th Canadian Congress on Leisure Research. 17-20 May 2005 Malaspina University, Nanaimo, British Columbia.
  • Carpenter G, Patterson I (2004) The leisure perceptions and leisure meanings of a mid-life couple around the time of retirement. World Leis J, 46:13-25.
  • Costa PT, McCrae Jr RR (1998) Six approaches to the explication of facet‐level traits: examples from conscientiousness. Eur J Pers, 12:117-134.
  • Dunn TR, Merriam SB (1995) Levinson's age thirty transition: does it exist? J Adult Dev, 2:113-124.
  • Dyke LS, Murphy SA (2006) How we define success: A qualitative study of what matters most to women and men. Sex Roles, 55:357-371.
  • Erikson EH (1984) İnsanın Sekiz Çağı (Çev. TB Üstün, V Şar). Ankara, Birey ve Toplum.
  • Eryılmaz A (2011) Yaşam boyu gelişim yaklaşımı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3:49-66.
  • Eryılmaz A (2013) Bir yaşam dönemi olarak yetişkinlik: Tanımı, ölçütleri ve kuramları. IN Yetişkinlik ve Yaşlılık gelişimi ve Psikolojisi, 2. baskı (Eds H Bacanlı ve ŞI Terzi): 49-85. İstanbul, Açılım.
  • Godbey G (1985) Leisure in your life: New perspectives [Abstract]. State College, Pennsylvania, Venture Publishing.
  • Gordon JR, Beatty JE, Whelan-Berry KS (2002) The midlife transition of professional women with children. Women in Management Review, 17:328-341.
  • Green SJ (2006) Karen Horney: a psychobiographical study, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Grahamstown, South Africa, Rhodes University.
  • Greenberg L (2004) Emotion–focused therapy. Clin Psychol Psychother, 11:3-16.
  • Havighurst RJ (1972) Developmental Tasks and Education, 3rd ed. New York, David McKay Company.
  • Hazan C, Shaver PR (1994) Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5:1-22.
  • Huang LWW (2013) The transition tempo and life course orientation of young adults in Taiwan. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci, 646: 69- 85.
  • İlhan T (2013) Orta yetişkinlik döneminde psikososyal ve bilişsel gelişim. Yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık gelişimi ve psikolojisi içinde, 2. baskı (Eds H Bacanlı ve ŞI Terzi): 241-274. İstanbul, Açılım.
  • Kelly JR (1987) Freedom to Be: A New Sociology of Leisure. New York, Macmillan.
  • Kimmel M (1995) Manhood in America. New York, Free Press.
  • Kittrell D (1998) A comparison of the evolution of men's and women's dreams in Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development. J Adult Dev, 5:105-115.
  • Kopelman RE, Glass M (1979) Test of Daniel Levinson's theory of adult male life stages [Abstract]. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1:79-83.
  • Levinson DJ (1977) The mid-life transition: a period in adult psychosocial development. Psychiatry, 40:99-112.
  • Levinson DJ (1978) The Seasons of a Man's Life. New York, Knopf.
  • Levinson DJ (1980) Toward a conception of the adult life course. In Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood (Eds NJ Smelser, EH Erikson):265-290. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
  • Levinson DJ (1986) A conception of adult development. Am Psychol, 41:3-13.
  • Levinson DJ (1996) The Seasons of a Woman's Life. New York, Knopf.
  • Levinson DJ, Darrow CM, Klein EB, Levinson MH, McKee B (1976) Periods in the adult development of men: ages 18 to 45. Couns Psychol, 6:21-25.
  • Marcia JE (2002) Identity and psychosocial development in adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2:7-8.
  • McCrae RR, Costa Jr PT (1997) Personality trait structure as a human universal. Am Psychol, 52:509-516.
  • Minter LE, Samuels CA (1998) The ımpact of ‘the dream’on women's experience of the midlife transition. J Adult Dev, 5:31-43.
  • Murdy JJ, Gibson HJ, Yiannakis A (2003) Predicting nature-based tourist roles: A life span perspective. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Northeastern Research Station, USA.
  • Neugarten BL (1968) Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Newman BM, Newman PR (2010) Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach, 9th ed. Belmont, Thomson Higher Education.
  • Onur B (2000) Gelişim Psikolojisi: Yetişkinlik, Yaşlılık ve Ölüm, 5. baskı. Ankara, İmge.
  • O'Rand AM, Krecker ML (1990) Concepts of the life cycle: Their history, meanings, and uses in the social sciences. Annu Rev Sociol, 16:241-262.
  • Overton WF (2010) Life span: concept and issues In The Handbook of Life-Span Development: Volume 1 Cognition, Biology, and Methods (Eds WF Overton):1-30. New Jersey, Wiley.
  • Özdemir Ş, Vatandaş C, Torlak Ö (2009) Sosyal problemleri çözmede aile yaşam döngüsünün (AYD) önemi. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 4:7-18.
  • Platon (2006) Sokrates'in Savunması (Çev. E Gören). İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Robinson O (2008) Developmental crisis ın early adulthood: A composite qualitative analysis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). London, University of London.
  • Robinson OC, Smith JA (2010). Investigating the form and dynamics of crisis episodes in early adulthood: the application of a composite qualitative method. Qual Res Psychol, 7:170-191.
  • Rogers CR (2011) Kişi Olmaya Dair (Çev. S Budak). İstanbul, Okyanus Yayınları
  • Santrock J (2006) Life-span Development. Boston, McGraw-Hill.
  • Schilling EA, Aseltine RH, Gore S (2007) Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7:30-40.
  • Shanahan MJ, Porfeli E, Mortimer JT, Erickson LD (2005) Subjective age identity and the transition to adulthood: When does one become an adult. In On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (Eds RAJr Settersten, FFJr Furstenberg, RG Rumbaut):225-255). Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Shi YD (2011) The role of strengths in managing midlife career transition for corporate professionals. Paper presented at the BBS HDR Student Conference. New South Wales, Australia, University of Wollongong.
  • Smart R, Peterson C (1994) Stability versus transition in women's career development: A test of Levinson's theory. J Vocat Behav, 45:241-260.
  • Smithson KL (2011) The relationship among social connectedness, meaning in life, and wellness for adult women in Levinson's mid-life transition stage (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Atlanta, USA, Georgia State University.
  • Srivastava S, John OP, Gosling SD, Potter J (2003) Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: set like plaster or persistent change? J Pers Soc Psychol, 84:1041-1053.
  • Stumpf KR (2012) Empirical midlife studies and the backlash against midlife crisis. http://www.midlifecrisismarriageadvocate.com/support-files/empirical_midlife_studies_and_the_backlash_against_ midlife_crisis.pdf (15 Aralık 2014'te ulaşıldı).
  • Taymur İ, Türkçapar MH (2012) Kişilik: tanımı, sınıflaması ve değerlendirmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4:154-177.
  • Vander-Zanden JW, Crandell TL, Crandell CH (2011) Human development, 10th ed. Canada, Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson.
  • Wink P, Helson R (1993) Personality change in women and their partners. ? J Pers Soc Psychol, 65:597-605.
  • Wolfe D, O'Connor D, Crary M (1990) Transformations of life structure and personal paradigm during the midlife transition. Hum Relat, 43:957-973.
  • Yıldız M (2012) Bağlanma kuramı açısından yaşlılık dönemine genel bir bakış. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 36:1-30.
  • Yazar T (2012) Yetişkin eğitiminde hedef kitle. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4:21-30.
  • Young N (2013) How do men with depresyon during the mid-life transition, navigate stigma? http://hdl.handle.net/10344/3228 (15 Aralık 2014'te ulaşıldı).
  • Zastrow C., Kirst-Ashman KK (2015) İnsan Davranışı ve Sosyal Çevre II: Yetişkinlik ve Yaşlılık (Çev. E Türközü, B Alparslan ve O Uraz). Ankara, Nika Yayınevi. Yahya Aktu, Öğr.Gör, Siirt Üniversitesi, Siirt.

Levinson’un Kuramında İlk Yetişkinlik Döneminin Yaşam Yapısı

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 162 - 177, 24.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.12690

Abstract

İlk yetişkinlik, alanyazında yaşam boyu gelişim çerçevesinde ele alınan önemli dönüm noktalarından biridir. İlk yetişkinlik dönemi, psikolojik olarak yaşamın en doyumlu ve bir o kadar da yıpratıcı yıllarını oluşturmaktadır. Öteden beri ilk yetişkinliği açıklamaya çalışan kuramların evrenselliği tartışılmaktadır. Bu kuramlardan bir tanesi de ilk yetişkinlik yıllarına vurgu yapan Levinson'un bireysel yaşam yapısı kuramıdır. Bu çalışmada Levinson’un bireysel yaşam yapısı kuramına göre ilk yetişkinlik dönemi yapı-kurma ve yapı-değiştirme gelişim görevleri açısından incelenmiştir.

References

  • Arnett JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol, 55:469- 480.
  • Atak H, Taştan N (2012) Romantik ilişkiler ve aşk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4:520-546.
  • Bacanlı H (1998) Eğitim Psikolojisi. Ankara, Asal.
  • Bagwell CL, Bender SE, Andreassi CL, Kinoshita TL, Montarello SA, Muller JG (2005) Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes predict psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. J Soc Pers Relat, 22:235-254.
  • Baltes PB, Reese HW, Nesselroade JR (2014) Life-span developmental psychology: introduction to research method. London, Psychology Press.
  • Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61:226-244.
  • Bell S, Lee C (2006) Does timing and sequencing of transitions to adulthood make a difference? stress, smoking, and physical activity among young Australian women. Int J Behav Med, 13:265-274.
  • Bowlby J (1980) Attachment and Loss, Volume 2. New York, Basic Books.
  • Carpenter G (1992) Adult perceptions of leisure: Life experiences and life structure. Society and Leisure, 15:587-605.
  • Carpenter G (2005) Linking research and practice: a case study in arts programming for adults. 11th Canadian Congress on Leisure Research. 17-20 May 2005 Malaspina University, Nanaimo, British Columbia.
  • Carpenter G, Patterson I (2004) The leisure perceptions and leisure meanings of a mid-life couple around the time of retirement. World Leis J, 46:13-25.
  • Costa PT, McCrae Jr RR (1998) Six approaches to the explication of facet‐level traits: examples from conscientiousness. Eur J Pers, 12:117-134.
  • Dunn TR, Merriam SB (1995) Levinson's age thirty transition: does it exist? J Adult Dev, 2:113-124.
  • Dyke LS, Murphy SA (2006) How we define success: A qualitative study of what matters most to women and men. Sex Roles, 55:357-371.
  • Erikson EH (1984) İnsanın Sekiz Çağı (Çev. TB Üstün, V Şar). Ankara, Birey ve Toplum.
  • Eryılmaz A (2011) Yaşam boyu gelişim yaklaşımı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3:49-66.
  • Eryılmaz A (2013) Bir yaşam dönemi olarak yetişkinlik: Tanımı, ölçütleri ve kuramları. IN Yetişkinlik ve Yaşlılık gelişimi ve Psikolojisi, 2. baskı (Eds H Bacanlı ve ŞI Terzi): 49-85. İstanbul, Açılım.
  • Godbey G (1985) Leisure in your life: New perspectives [Abstract]. State College, Pennsylvania, Venture Publishing.
  • Gordon JR, Beatty JE, Whelan-Berry KS (2002) The midlife transition of professional women with children. Women in Management Review, 17:328-341.
  • Green SJ (2006) Karen Horney: a psychobiographical study, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Grahamstown, South Africa, Rhodes University.
  • Greenberg L (2004) Emotion–focused therapy. Clin Psychol Psychother, 11:3-16.
  • Havighurst RJ (1972) Developmental Tasks and Education, 3rd ed. New York, David McKay Company.
  • Hazan C, Shaver PR (1994) Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5:1-22.
  • Huang LWW (2013) The transition tempo and life course orientation of young adults in Taiwan. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci, 646: 69- 85.
  • İlhan T (2013) Orta yetişkinlik döneminde psikososyal ve bilişsel gelişim. Yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık gelişimi ve psikolojisi içinde, 2. baskı (Eds H Bacanlı ve ŞI Terzi): 241-274. İstanbul, Açılım.
  • Kelly JR (1987) Freedom to Be: A New Sociology of Leisure. New York, Macmillan.
  • Kimmel M (1995) Manhood in America. New York, Free Press.
  • Kittrell D (1998) A comparison of the evolution of men's and women's dreams in Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development. J Adult Dev, 5:105-115.
  • Kopelman RE, Glass M (1979) Test of Daniel Levinson's theory of adult male life stages [Abstract]. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1:79-83.
  • Levinson DJ (1977) The mid-life transition: a period in adult psychosocial development. Psychiatry, 40:99-112.
  • Levinson DJ (1978) The Seasons of a Man's Life. New York, Knopf.
  • Levinson DJ (1980) Toward a conception of the adult life course. In Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood (Eds NJ Smelser, EH Erikson):265-290. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
  • Levinson DJ (1986) A conception of adult development. Am Psychol, 41:3-13.
  • Levinson DJ (1996) The Seasons of a Woman's Life. New York, Knopf.
  • Levinson DJ, Darrow CM, Klein EB, Levinson MH, McKee B (1976) Periods in the adult development of men: ages 18 to 45. Couns Psychol, 6:21-25.
  • Marcia JE (2002) Identity and psychosocial development in adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2:7-8.
  • McCrae RR, Costa Jr PT (1997) Personality trait structure as a human universal. Am Psychol, 52:509-516.
  • Minter LE, Samuels CA (1998) The ımpact of ‘the dream’on women's experience of the midlife transition. J Adult Dev, 5:31-43.
  • Murdy JJ, Gibson HJ, Yiannakis A (2003) Predicting nature-based tourist roles: A life span perspective. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Northeastern Research Station, USA.
  • Neugarten BL (1968) Middle Age and Aging: A Reader in Social Psychology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Newman BM, Newman PR (2010) Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach, 9th ed. Belmont, Thomson Higher Education.
  • Onur B (2000) Gelişim Psikolojisi: Yetişkinlik, Yaşlılık ve Ölüm, 5. baskı. Ankara, İmge.
  • O'Rand AM, Krecker ML (1990) Concepts of the life cycle: Their history, meanings, and uses in the social sciences. Annu Rev Sociol, 16:241-262.
  • Overton WF (2010) Life span: concept and issues In The Handbook of Life-Span Development: Volume 1 Cognition, Biology, and Methods (Eds WF Overton):1-30. New Jersey, Wiley.
  • Özdemir Ş, Vatandaş C, Torlak Ö (2009) Sosyal problemleri çözmede aile yaşam döngüsünün (AYD) önemi. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 4:7-18.
  • Platon (2006) Sokrates'in Savunması (Çev. E Gören). İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Robinson O (2008) Developmental crisis ın early adulthood: A composite qualitative analysis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). London, University of London.
  • Robinson OC, Smith JA (2010). Investigating the form and dynamics of crisis episodes in early adulthood: the application of a composite qualitative method. Qual Res Psychol, 7:170-191.
  • Rogers CR (2011) Kişi Olmaya Dair (Çev. S Budak). İstanbul, Okyanus Yayınları
  • Santrock J (2006) Life-span Development. Boston, McGraw-Hill.
  • Schilling EA, Aseltine RH, Gore S (2007) Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7:30-40.
  • Shanahan MJ, Porfeli E, Mortimer JT, Erickson LD (2005) Subjective age identity and the transition to adulthood: When does one become an adult. In On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (Eds RAJr Settersten, FFJr Furstenberg, RG Rumbaut):225-255). Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Shi YD (2011) The role of strengths in managing midlife career transition for corporate professionals. Paper presented at the BBS HDR Student Conference. New South Wales, Australia, University of Wollongong.
  • Smart R, Peterson C (1994) Stability versus transition in women's career development: A test of Levinson's theory. J Vocat Behav, 45:241-260.
  • Smithson KL (2011) The relationship among social connectedness, meaning in life, and wellness for adult women in Levinson's mid-life transition stage (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Atlanta, USA, Georgia State University.
  • Srivastava S, John OP, Gosling SD, Potter J (2003) Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: set like plaster or persistent change? J Pers Soc Psychol, 84:1041-1053.
  • Stumpf KR (2012) Empirical midlife studies and the backlash against midlife crisis. http://www.midlifecrisismarriageadvocate.com/support-files/empirical_midlife_studies_and_the_backlash_against_ midlife_crisis.pdf (15 Aralık 2014'te ulaşıldı).
  • Taymur İ, Türkçapar MH (2012) Kişilik: tanımı, sınıflaması ve değerlendirmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4:154-177.
  • Vander-Zanden JW, Crandell TL, Crandell CH (2011) Human development, 10th ed. Canada, Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson.
  • Wink P, Helson R (1993) Personality change in women and their partners. ? J Pers Soc Psychol, 65:597-605.
  • Wolfe D, O'Connor D, Crary M (1990) Transformations of life structure and personal paradigm during the midlife transition. Hum Relat, 43:957-973.
  • Yıldız M (2012) Bağlanma kuramı açısından yaşlılık dönemine genel bir bakış. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 36:1-30.
  • Yazar T (2012) Yetişkin eğitiminde hedef kitle. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4:21-30.
  • Young N (2013) How do men with depresyon during the mid-life transition, navigate stigma? http://hdl.handle.net/10344/3228 (15 Aralık 2014'te ulaşıldı).
  • Zastrow C., Kirst-Ashman KK (2015) İnsan Davranışı ve Sosyal Çevre II: Yetişkinlik ve Yaşlılık (Çev. E Türközü, B Alparslan ve O Uraz). Ankara, Nika Yayınevi. Yahya Aktu, Öğr.Gör, Siirt Üniversitesi, Siirt.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Yahya Aktu

Publication Date January 24, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Aktu Y. Life Structure of Early Adulthood Period in Levinson’s Theory. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. January 2016;8(2):162-177. doi:10.18863/pgy.12690

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