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Subtypes of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Heterogeneous Diagnostic Category

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 212 - 227, 30.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.358102

Abstract

Social anxiety disorder, which has a prevalence rate of 7%, is among the psychopathologies resulting difficulties in school and work life and interpersonal relationships of the individuals. Although the findings of the research agree on the destructive role of social anxiety disorder on individuals, there is no consensus on whether social anxiety disorder is differentiated between individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine the quantitative and qualitative differences among the subtypes in the field of social anxiety disorder literature and to evaluate the reflections of these differences on suggestions about the diagnosis processes.

References

  • Alden LE, Bieling PJ (1998) The interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. Behav Res Ther, 36:1–9.
  • APA (1952) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1968) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition (DSM-II). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd edition revised (DSM-III-R). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 4th edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Amin N, Foa EB, Coles ME (1998) Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 36:945–957.
  • Ayduk O, Downey G, Testa A, Yen Y (1999) Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Soc Cogn, 17:245–271.
  • Baker SL, Heinrichs N, Kim HJ, Hofmann SG (2002) The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behav Res Ther, 40:701–715.
  • Binelli C, Muniz A, Sanches S, Ortiz A, Martin-Santos R (2015) New evidence of heterogenity in social anxiety disorder: Defining two qualitatively different personality profiles taking into account clinical, environmental and genetic factor. Eur Psychiatry, 30:160-165.
  • Blöte AW, Kint MJW, Miers AC, Westenberg PM (2009) The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: A review. J Anxiety Disord, 3:305–313.
  • Boone ML, McNeil DW, Masia CL, Turk CL, Carter LE (1999) Multimodal comparisons of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 13:271-292.
  • Brown EJ, Heimberg, R, Juster HR (1995) Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: Effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 26:467-486.
  • Burnstein M, He J, Kattan G, Albano AM, Avenevoli S (2011) Social phobia and subtyped in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50:870-880.
  • Carter SA, Wu KD (2010) Relations among symptoms of social phobia subtypes, avoidant personality disorder, panic and depression. Behav Ther, 41:2-13. Davila J, Beck JG (2002) Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? a preliminary investigation. Behav Ther, 33:427–446.
  • Dutton DG, Bodnarchuk M, Kropp R, Hart SD, Ogloff JP (1997) Client personality disorders affecting wife assault post-treatment recidivism. Violence Vict, 12:37–50.
  • Dutton DG, Kerry G (1999) Modus operandi and personality disorder in incarcerated spousal killers. Int J Law Psychiatry, 22:287–299.
  • Eldoğan D, Barışkın E (2014) Erken dönem uyumsuz şema alanları ve sosyal fobi belirtileri: duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü var mı? Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29:108-115.
  • Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (2003) Anger experience and expression in social anxiety disorder: pretreatment profile and predictors of attrition and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 34:331–350.
  • Farmer AS, Kashdan T (2014) Affective and self esteem instability in the daily lives of people with generalized social anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Sci, 2:187-201.
  • Fox NA, Henderson HA, Marshall PJ, Ghera MM (2005) Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavioral within a developmental framework. Annu Rev Psychol, 56:235- 262.
  • Fydrich T, Chambless DL, Perry KJ, Buergene F, Beazley MB (1998) Behavioural assessment of social performance: A rating system for social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 36:995–1010.
  • Galbraith T, Heimberg RG, Wang S, Schneier FR, Blanco C (2014) Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Anxiety Disord, 28:57-66.
  • Gilbert P (2001) Evolution and social anxiety: the role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24:723–751.
  • Goldin, PR, Manber T, Hakimi S, Canli T, Gross JJ (2009) Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66:170–180.
  • Gross JJ, Levenson RW (1997) Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting positive and negative emotions. J Abnorm Psychol, 106:95-103.
  • Gross JJ (2003) Emotion regulation; Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39:281–291.
  • Hart TA, Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR (1999) Relationship of marital status to social phobia severity. Depress Anxiety, 10:28-32.
  • Heimberg RG, Holt CS, Schneier FR, Spitzer RL, Liebowitz MR (1993) The issue of subtypes in the diagnosis of social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 7:249-269.
  • Heimberg RG, Liebowitz M, Hope D, Schneier F (1995) Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Henderson L, Zimbardo P (2001) Shyness as a clinical condition: the Stanford model. In International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness (Eds WR Crozier, LE Alden):43-56. West Sussex, Wiley.
  • Herbert JD, Hope D, Bellack AS (1992) Validity of the distinction between generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:332–339.
  • Hofmann SG, Bitran S (2007) Sensory processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. J Anxiety Disord, 21:944-954.
  • Hofmann SG, Heinrichs N, Moscovitch DA (2004) The nature and expression of social phobia: toward a new classification. Clin Psychol Rev, 24:769–797.
  • Hofmann SG, Newman MG, Ehlers A, Roth WT (1995) Psychophysiological differences between subtypes of social phobics. J Abnorm Psychol, 104:224–231.
  • Hofmann SG, Roth WT (1996) Issues related to social anxiety among controls in social phobia research. Behav Ther, 27:79–91.
  • Hofmann SG (2000) Treatment of social phobia: potential mediators and moderators. Clin Psychol, 7:3-16.
  • Hook JN, Valentiner DP (2002) Are specific and generalized social phobias qualitatively distinct? Clin Psychol, 9:379–395. Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Hope DA (1992) Avoidant personality disorder and the generalized subtype of social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:318–325.
  • Kachin KE, Newman, MG, Pincus AL (2001) An interpersonal problem approach to the division of social phobia subtypes. Behav Ther, 32:479-501.
  • Kashdan TB, Elhai JD, Breen WE (2008) Social anxiety and disinhibition: an analysis of curiosity and social rank appraisals, approach–avoidance conflicts, and disruptive risk-taking behavior. J Anxiety Disord, 22:925–939.
  • Kashdan TB, Hofmann SG (2008) The high novelty seeking, impulsive subtype of generalized social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety, 25:535–541.
  • Kashdan TB, Weeks JW, Savostyanova AA (2011) Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:786–799.
  • Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K, Fehm L, Stein MB, Lieb R, Witchen H (2011) Social fear and social phobia subtypes among community youth: Differential clinical features and vulnerability factors. J Psychiatr Res, 45:111-120.
  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62:617–627.
  • Kessler RC, Stein MB, Berglund P (1998) Social phobia subtypes in the national comorbidity survey. Am J Psychiatry, 155:613–619.
  • Kollman DM, Brown TA, Liverant GI, Hofmann SG (2006) A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of social anxiety disorder in outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety, 23:190–199.
  • Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM et al. (2017) The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol, 126:454–477.
  • Leary MR, Twenge JM, Quinlivan E (2006) Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 10:111–132.
  • Liebowitz MR (1987) Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmopsychiatry, 22:141–173.
  • Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Klein DF (1985) Social phobia: review of a neglected anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 42:729–736
  • Lijster J, Dierckx B, Utens E, Verlust F, Zieldorff C (2017) The age of onset of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Can J Psychiatry, 62:237-246.
  • Lim S, Ha J, Shin Y, Shin D, Bae S, Oh K(2013) Clinical differences between early and late onset social anxiety disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry, 7:44-50.
  • Mannuzza S, Schneier FR, Chapman TF (1995) Generalized social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52:230-237.
  • Marks IM, Gelder MG (1966) Different ages of onset in varieties of phobia. Am J Psychiatry, 123:218-221.
  • Mennin DS (2005) Emotion and the acceptance based approaches to the anxiety disorders. In Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Anxiety: Conceptualization and Treatment (Eds SM Orsillo, L Roemer):37–58. New York, Springer.
  • Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Zhang H, Angst J (2002) The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry, 51:81-91.
  • Paulhus DL, Morgan KL (1997) Perceptions of intelligence in leaderless groups: the dynamic effects of shyness and acquaintance. J Pers Soc Psychol, 72:581–591.
  • Peyre H, Hoertel N, Rivollier F, Landman B, McMahon K (2016) Latent class analysis of the feared situations of social anxiety disorder: A population based study. Depress Anxiety, 33:1178- 187.
  • Pollard CA, Henderson JG (1994) Four types of social phobia in a community sample. J Nerv Ment Disease, 176:440-445.
  • Safren SA, Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (1999) Factor structure of social fears: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. J Anxiety Disord, 13:253–270.
  • Skocic S, Jackson H, Hulbert C (2015) Beyond DSM–5: an alternative approach to assessing social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 30:8-15.
  • Slavkin SL, Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Jaccard JJ, Liebowitz MR (1990) The Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale: An Exploratory Analysis of Construct Validity. Washington DC, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy.
  • Stein MB, Torgrud LJ, Walker JR (2000) Social phobia symptoms, subtypes, and severity: findings from a community survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57:1046-1052.
  • Stemberger RT, Turner SM, Beidel DC, Calhoun KS (1995) Social phobia: an analysis of possible developmental factors. J Abnorm Psychol, 104:526-531.
  • Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Luterek JA, Mennin DS, Fresco DM (2005) Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: a comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognit Ther Res, 29:89–106.
  • Turner SM, Beidel DC, Townsley RM (1992) Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:326-331.
  • Werner KH, Goldin PR, Ball TM, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ (2011) Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The Emotion Regulation Interview. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 33:346–354.
  • Werner K, Gross JJ (2010) Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a conceptual framework. In Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment (Eds A Kring, D Sloan):11-37. New York, Guilford Press.

Sosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğunun Alt Tipleri: Heterojen Bir Tanı Kategorisi

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 212 - 227, 30.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.358102

Abstract

Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu yaklaşık %7 oranındaki görülme sıklığı ile insanların kişilerarası ilişkilerinde, okul ve iş yaşamlarında zorluklarla karşılaşmaları ile sonuçlanan psikopatolojiler arasında yer almaktadır. Araştırma bulguları sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunun bireyler üzerindeki yıkıcı rolüne yönelik hemfikir olsalar da sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunun bireyler arasında görünümünün farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı konusunda bir fikir birliğine henüz varılamamıştır. Bu bilgiler ışığında bu çalışmanın amacı sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunun alan yazında yer alan alt tipleri arasında gözlenen niceliksel ve niteliksel farklılıkları incelemek, söz konusu farklılıkların tanı koyma süreçlerine ilişkin geliştirilen öneriler üzerindeki yansımalarını değerlendirmektir.

References

  • Alden LE, Bieling PJ (1998) The interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. Behav Res Ther, 36:1–9.
  • APA (1952) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1968) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition (DSM-II). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 3rd edition revised (DSM-III-R). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 4th edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Amin N, Foa EB, Coles ME (1998) Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 36:945–957.
  • Ayduk O, Downey G, Testa A, Yen Y (1999) Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Soc Cogn, 17:245–271.
  • Baker SL, Heinrichs N, Kim HJ, Hofmann SG (2002) The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behav Res Ther, 40:701–715.
  • Binelli C, Muniz A, Sanches S, Ortiz A, Martin-Santos R (2015) New evidence of heterogenity in social anxiety disorder: Defining two qualitatively different personality profiles taking into account clinical, environmental and genetic factor. Eur Psychiatry, 30:160-165.
  • Blöte AW, Kint MJW, Miers AC, Westenberg PM (2009) The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: A review. J Anxiety Disord, 3:305–313.
  • Boone ML, McNeil DW, Masia CL, Turk CL, Carter LE (1999) Multimodal comparisons of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 13:271-292.
  • Brown EJ, Heimberg, R, Juster HR (1995) Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: Effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 26:467-486.
  • Burnstein M, He J, Kattan G, Albano AM, Avenevoli S (2011) Social phobia and subtyped in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50:870-880.
  • Carter SA, Wu KD (2010) Relations among symptoms of social phobia subtypes, avoidant personality disorder, panic and depression. Behav Ther, 41:2-13. Davila J, Beck JG (2002) Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? a preliminary investigation. Behav Ther, 33:427–446.
  • Dutton DG, Bodnarchuk M, Kropp R, Hart SD, Ogloff JP (1997) Client personality disorders affecting wife assault post-treatment recidivism. Violence Vict, 12:37–50.
  • Dutton DG, Kerry G (1999) Modus operandi and personality disorder in incarcerated spousal killers. Int J Law Psychiatry, 22:287–299.
  • Eldoğan D, Barışkın E (2014) Erken dönem uyumsuz şema alanları ve sosyal fobi belirtileri: duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolü var mı? Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29:108-115.
  • Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (2003) Anger experience and expression in social anxiety disorder: pretreatment profile and predictors of attrition and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 34:331–350.
  • Farmer AS, Kashdan T (2014) Affective and self esteem instability in the daily lives of people with generalized social anxiety disorder. Clin Psychol Sci, 2:187-201.
  • Fox NA, Henderson HA, Marshall PJ, Ghera MM (2005) Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavioral within a developmental framework. Annu Rev Psychol, 56:235- 262.
  • Fydrich T, Chambless DL, Perry KJ, Buergene F, Beazley MB (1998) Behavioural assessment of social performance: A rating system for social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 36:995–1010.
  • Galbraith T, Heimberg RG, Wang S, Schneier FR, Blanco C (2014) Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Anxiety Disord, 28:57-66.
  • Gilbert P (2001) Evolution and social anxiety: the role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24:723–751.
  • Goldin, PR, Manber T, Hakimi S, Canli T, Gross JJ (2009) Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66:170–180.
  • Gross JJ, Levenson RW (1997) Hiding feelings: the acute effects of inhibiting positive and negative emotions. J Abnorm Psychol, 106:95-103.
  • Gross JJ (2003) Emotion regulation; Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39:281–291.
  • Hart TA, Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR (1999) Relationship of marital status to social phobia severity. Depress Anxiety, 10:28-32.
  • Heimberg RG, Holt CS, Schneier FR, Spitzer RL, Liebowitz MR (1993) The issue of subtypes in the diagnosis of social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 7:249-269.
  • Heimberg RG, Liebowitz M, Hope D, Schneier F (1995) Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Henderson L, Zimbardo P (2001) Shyness as a clinical condition: the Stanford model. In International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness (Eds WR Crozier, LE Alden):43-56. West Sussex, Wiley.
  • Herbert JD, Hope D, Bellack AS (1992) Validity of the distinction between generalized social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:332–339.
  • Hofmann SG, Bitran S (2007) Sensory processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. J Anxiety Disord, 21:944-954.
  • Hofmann SG, Heinrichs N, Moscovitch DA (2004) The nature and expression of social phobia: toward a new classification. Clin Psychol Rev, 24:769–797.
  • Hofmann SG, Newman MG, Ehlers A, Roth WT (1995) Psychophysiological differences between subtypes of social phobics. J Abnorm Psychol, 104:224–231.
  • Hofmann SG, Roth WT (1996) Issues related to social anxiety among controls in social phobia research. Behav Ther, 27:79–91.
  • Hofmann SG (2000) Treatment of social phobia: potential mediators and moderators. Clin Psychol, 7:3-16.
  • Hook JN, Valentiner DP (2002) Are specific and generalized social phobias qualitatively distinct? Clin Psychol, 9:379–395. Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Hope DA (1992) Avoidant personality disorder and the generalized subtype of social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:318–325.
  • Kachin KE, Newman, MG, Pincus AL (2001) An interpersonal problem approach to the division of social phobia subtypes. Behav Ther, 32:479-501.
  • Kashdan TB, Elhai JD, Breen WE (2008) Social anxiety and disinhibition: an analysis of curiosity and social rank appraisals, approach–avoidance conflicts, and disruptive risk-taking behavior. J Anxiety Disord, 22:925–939.
  • Kashdan TB, Hofmann SG (2008) The high novelty seeking, impulsive subtype of generalized social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety, 25:535–541.
  • Kashdan TB, Weeks JW, Savostyanova AA (2011) Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:786–799.
  • Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K, Fehm L, Stein MB, Lieb R, Witchen H (2011) Social fear and social phobia subtypes among community youth: Differential clinical features and vulnerability factors. J Psychiatr Res, 45:111-120.
  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62:617–627.
  • Kessler RC, Stein MB, Berglund P (1998) Social phobia subtypes in the national comorbidity survey. Am J Psychiatry, 155:613–619.
  • Kollman DM, Brown TA, Liverant GI, Hofmann SG (2006) A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of social anxiety disorder in outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety, 23:190–199.
  • Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM et al. (2017) The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol, 126:454–477.
  • Leary MR, Twenge JM, Quinlivan E (2006) Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 10:111–132.
  • Liebowitz MR (1987) Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmopsychiatry, 22:141–173.
  • Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Fyer AJ, Klein DF (1985) Social phobia: review of a neglected anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 42:729–736
  • Lijster J, Dierckx B, Utens E, Verlust F, Zieldorff C (2017) The age of onset of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Can J Psychiatry, 62:237-246.
  • Lim S, Ha J, Shin Y, Shin D, Bae S, Oh K(2013) Clinical differences between early and late onset social anxiety disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry, 7:44-50.
  • Mannuzza S, Schneier FR, Chapman TF (1995) Generalized social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52:230-237.
  • Marks IM, Gelder MG (1966) Different ages of onset in varieties of phobia. Am J Psychiatry, 123:218-221.
  • Mennin DS (2005) Emotion and the acceptance based approaches to the anxiety disorders. In Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Anxiety: Conceptualization and Treatment (Eds SM Orsillo, L Roemer):37–58. New York, Springer.
  • Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Zhang H, Angst J (2002) The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry, 51:81-91.
  • Paulhus DL, Morgan KL (1997) Perceptions of intelligence in leaderless groups: the dynamic effects of shyness and acquaintance. J Pers Soc Psychol, 72:581–591.
  • Peyre H, Hoertel N, Rivollier F, Landman B, McMahon K (2016) Latent class analysis of the feared situations of social anxiety disorder: A population based study. Depress Anxiety, 33:1178- 187.
  • Pollard CA, Henderson JG (1994) Four types of social phobia in a community sample. J Nerv Ment Disease, 176:440-445.
  • Safren SA, Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (1999) Factor structure of social fears: The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. J Anxiety Disord, 13:253–270.
  • Skocic S, Jackson H, Hulbert C (2015) Beyond DSM–5: an alternative approach to assessing social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 30:8-15.
  • Slavkin SL, Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Jaccard JJ, Liebowitz MR (1990) The Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale: An Exploratory Analysis of Construct Validity. Washington DC, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy.
  • Stein MB, Torgrud LJ, Walker JR (2000) Social phobia symptoms, subtypes, and severity: findings from a community survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57:1046-1052.
  • Stemberger RT, Turner SM, Beidel DC, Calhoun KS (1995) Social phobia: an analysis of possible developmental factors. J Abnorm Psychol, 104:526-531.
  • Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Luterek JA, Mennin DS, Fresco DM (2005) Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: a comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognit Ther Res, 29:89–106.
  • Turner SM, Beidel DC, Townsley RM (1992) Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 101:326-331.
  • Werner KH, Goldin PR, Ball TM, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ (2011) Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The Emotion Regulation Interview. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 33:346–354.
  • Werner K, Gross JJ (2010) Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a conceptual framework. In Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Etiology and Treatment (Eds A Kring, D Sloan):11-37. New York, Guilford Press.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Review
Authors

Dilay Eldoğan This is me 0000-0003-2415-1260

Publication Date June 30, 2018
Acceptance Date August 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Eldoğan D. Sosyal Anksiyete Bozukluğunun Alt Tipleri: Heterojen Bir Tanı Kategorisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2018;10(2):212-227. doi:10.18863/pgy.358102

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