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A Psychosocial Evaluation of the Coronavirus Pandemic

Year 2021, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 232 - 246, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.758976

Abstract

In this study, the coronavirus pandemic process, which caused a global crisis, was evaluated in the framework of some psychological theories. This pandemic, in which the whole world goes through and is affected at the same time, has many consequences both on social and individual levels. The current age of technology seems to have opened new doors to humanity during the pandemic. Despite curfews and physical distance rules in many countries, people can continue their business, shop and socialize through virtual platforms. In this process, people are looking for new ways to adapt to existing conditions and try to cope with negative emotions such as fear, anxiety and stress created by the pandemic. Along with the Coronavirus pandemic causing a global crisis, it has been thought that there are similar tendencies in the behavior and attitudes of individuals and all humanity to cope with the process. Pandemic process is handled from the perspective of social trauma and in this study, explanations are given in terms of helping behavior, coping and well-being within the framework of terror management theory.

References

  • Asmundson GJG, Taylor S (2020) Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196.
  • Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84 (2): 191.
  • Becker E (1973) The denial of death. New York, Free Press.
  • Canıöz EK, Coşkun H (2019) The Impact of Social Identity and Empathy on Helping Behavior: The Moderator Role of Empathy International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 5 (12).
  • Canıöz EK (2019) Sosyal Kimliğin Yardım Etme Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Empati ve Öznel İyi Oluş Değişkenlerine Göre İncelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). Bolu, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, Kim-Prieto C, Choi D, Oishi S, Biswas-Diener R (2010) New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97: 143–156.
  • Doğan T (2012) Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ve öznel iyi oluş. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14 (1): 56-64.
  • Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Di Giunta L (2010) Empathy‐related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social issues and policy review, 4 (1): 143-180.
  • Erlich HS (2017) Bu kimin travması? Muğlak bir kavrama yeni bir bakış. Psikanaliz Yazıları, 35: 57-72.
  • Fernandes N (2020) Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
  • Freud S (1949) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, (Çeviri Ed. J Strachey). London: The Hogharts Press.
  • Freud S (1996) Beş konferans ve psikanalize toplu bakış, (Çeviri Ed. K Şipal). İstanbul, Cem Yayınları.
  • Freud S (2014) Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde Ben ve İd, (Çeviri Ed. A Babaoğlu) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Garfin DR, Silver RC, Holman EA (2020) The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology. 39 (5), 355-357
  • Glavas A (2016) Corporate social responsibility and organizational psychology: An integrative review. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 144.
  • Harland P, Staats H, Wilke HAM (2007) Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29 (4), 323–334, doi:10.1080/01973530701665058.
  • Haslam SA, O'Brien A, Jetten J, Vormedal K, Penna S (2005) Taking the strain: Social identity, social support, and the experience of stress. British journal of social psychology, 44 (3), 355-370.
  • Hutchison E (2010) Trauma and the politics of emotions: constituting identity, security and community after the Bali bombing. International Relations, 24 (1), 65-86.
  • Janoff-Bulman R (1989) Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social cognition, 7 (2), 113-136.
  • Janoff-Bulman R, Berg M, Harvey JH (1998) Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic losses to existential gains. Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook, 35-47.
  • Jordan RE, Adab P, Cheng KK (2020) Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ, 368, m1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1198
  • Kanel K (2015) A guide to crisis intervention, 5th ed. Boston, Cengage Learning.
  • Karstoft KI, Armour C, Elklit A, Solomon Z (2015) The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD trajectories after combat exposure. Journal of anxiety disorders, 32, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.007
  • Kasapoğlu A (2007) Yeni Toplumsal Travmalar. Ankara, Referans Yayıncılık.
  • Kasapoğlu F (2014) İyilik Hali İle Özgecilik Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi/An Examination Of The Relationship Between Wellness And Altruism. Hikmet Yurdu Düşünce-Yorum Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 7 (13), 271-288.
  • Keyes CLM, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD (2002) Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.
  • Kırık AM, Özkoçak V (2020) Yeni dünya düzeni bağlamında sosyal medya ve yeni Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (45), 133-154.
  • Landsman IS (2002) Crises of meaning in trauma and loss. In Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss: (13-30). New York, Brunner-Routledge.
  • Leary MR (2004) The Function of Self-Esteem in Terror Management Theory and Sociometer Theory: Comment on Pyszczynski et al. (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 478–482.
  • Lowe SR, James P, Arcaya MC, Vale MD, Rhodes JE, Rich-Edwards J, Roberts AL, Koenen KC (2020) Do levels of posttraumatic growth vary by type of traumatic event experienced? An analysis of the Nurses' Health Study II. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000554
  • Maslow, A., & Lewis, K. J. (1987). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Salenger Incorporated, 14, 987.
  • McCarthy J (2020) U.S. Coronavirus Concerns Surge, Government Trust Slides. Available from: URL: https://news.gallup.com/poll/295505/coronavirus-worries-surge.aspx. Accessed date: 20.03.2020
  • Muldoon OT, Lowe RD (2012) Social identity, groups, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Political Psychology, 33 (2), 259-273.
  • Oswald PA (2000) Subtle sex bias in empathy and helping behavior. Psychological reports, 87 (2), 545-551.
  • Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Greenberg J (2003) In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association.
  • Rosenblatt A, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Lyon D. (1989) Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57 (4), 681-690.
  • Saygın Y, Arslan Ç (2009) An Investigation Socialsupport, Self-Esteem And Subjective Well-Being Level Of College Students. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28, 207-22.
  • Saran M, Coşkun G, İnal Zorel F, Aksoy Z (2011) Üniversitelerde sosyal sorumluluk bilincinin geliştirilmesi: Ege Üniversitesi topluma hizmet uygulamaları dersi üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Yasar University, 6 (22), 3732-3747.
  • Schaller M, Cialdini RB (1988) The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24 (2), 163-181.
  • Sen S, Du S, Bhattacharya CB (2016) Corporate social responsibility: A consumer psychology perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 70-75.
  • Siewert K, Antoniw K, Kubiak T, Weber H (2011) The more the better? The relationship between mismatches in social support and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Health Psychology, 16 (4), 621-631.
  • Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (1991) A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In Advances in experimental social psychology, 24, 93-159.
  • Startup M, Makgekgenene L, Webster R (2007) The role of self-blame for trauma as assessed by the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): A self-protective cognition?. Behaviour research and therapy, 45 (2), 395-403.
  • Suryawanshi R, More V (2020) A Study of Effect of Corona Virus Covid-19 and Lock Down on Human Psychology of Pune City Region. Studies in Indian Place Names, 40 (70), 984-994.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The social psychology of intergroup relations (Eds WG Austin & S Worchel): 33-47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Tajfel H, & Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Psychology of intergroup relations (Eds S Worchel & G Austin): 7-24. Chicago, Nelson-Hall.
  • Van Bavel JJ, Baicker K, Boggio P, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Crockett M, … Willer R (2020) Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y38m9. Accessed date: 15.04.2020
  • Welp LR, Brown CM (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9 (1), 54-65.
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N (2020) The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e923549-1 - e923549-8.
  • Zara A (2018) Kolektif travma döngüsü: Kolektif travmalarda uzlaşma, bağışlama ve onarıcı adaletin iyileştirici rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri, 21, 301-311.
  • Zebel S, Doosje B, Spears R (2009) How perspective-taking helps and hinders group-based guilt as a function of group identification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12 (1), 61-78.

Koronavirüs Pandemisine Yönelik Psikolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2021, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 232 - 246, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.758976

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, küresel bir krize sebep olan Koronavirüs pandemi süreci Terör Yönetimi Kuramı çerçevesinde değerlendirilerek ele alınmıştır. Tüm dünyanın aynı anda içinden geçtiği ve etkilendiği bu salgın sürecinin hem toplumsal hem de bireysel düzlemde birçok sonucu bulunmaktadır. İçinde bulunulan teknoloji çağı, salgın sürecinde insanlığa yeni kapılar aralamış görünmektedir. Pek çok ülkede sokağa çıkma yasakları ve fiziksel mesafe kurallarına rağmen insanlar, sanal platformlar yoluyla işlerine devam edebilmekte, alışverişlerini yapabilmekte ve sosyalleşebilmektedir. Bu süreçte insanlar mevcut şartlara uyumlanabilecekleri yeni yollar aramakta ve pandeminin yarattığı korku, kaygı ve stres gibi olumsuz duygularla baş etmeye çalışmaktadır. Küresel bir krize sebep olan Koronavirüs pandemisi ile birlikte bireylerin ve tüm insanlığın davranış ve tutumlarında süreçle baş etmek için benzer eğilimler olduğu düşünülmektedir. Pandemi süreci toplumsal travma perspektifinden ele alınmış olup bu çalışmada, terör yönetimi kuramı çerçevesinde yardım etme davranışı, baş etme ve iyi oluş kavramları açısından açıklamalara yer verilmiştir.

References

  • Asmundson GJG, Taylor S (2020) Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196.
  • Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84 (2): 191.
  • Becker E (1973) The denial of death. New York, Free Press.
  • Canıöz EK, Coşkun H (2019) The Impact of Social Identity and Empathy on Helping Behavior: The Moderator Role of Empathy International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 5 (12).
  • Canıöz EK (2019) Sosyal Kimliğin Yardım Etme Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Empati ve Öznel İyi Oluş Değişkenlerine Göre İncelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). Bolu, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, Kim-Prieto C, Choi D, Oishi S, Biswas-Diener R (2010) New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97: 143–156.
  • Doğan T (2012) Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ve öznel iyi oluş. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14 (1): 56-64.
  • Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Di Giunta L (2010) Empathy‐related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social issues and policy review, 4 (1): 143-180.
  • Erlich HS (2017) Bu kimin travması? Muğlak bir kavrama yeni bir bakış. Psikanaliz Yazıları, 35: 57-72.
  • Fernandes N (2020) Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
  • Freud S (1949) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, (Çeviri Ed. J Strachey). London: The Hogharts Press.
  • Freud S (1996) Beş konferans ve psikanalize toplu bakış, (Çeviri Ed. K Şipal). İstanbul, Cem Yayınları.
  • Freud S (2014) Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde Ben ve İd, (Çeviri Ed. A Babaoğlu) İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Garfin DR, Silver RC, Holman EA (2020) The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology. 39 (5), 355-357
  • Glavas A (2016) Corporate social responsibility and organizational psychology: An integrative review. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 144.
  • Harland P, Staats H, Wilke HAM (2007) Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29 (4), 323–334, doi:10.1080/01973530701665058.
  • Haslam SA, O'Brien A, Jetten J, Vormedal K, Penna S (2005) Taking the strain: Social identity, social support, and the experience of stress. British journal of social psychology, 44 (3), 355-370.
  • Hutchison E (2010) Trauma and the politics of emotions: constituting identity, security and community after the Bali bombing. International Relations, 24 (1), 65-86.
  • Janoff-Bulman R (1989) Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social cognition, 7 (2), 113-136.
  • Janoff-Bulman R, Berg M, Harvey JH (1998) Disillusionment and the creation of value: From traumatic losses to existential gains. Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook, 35-47.
  • Jordan RE, Adab P, Cheng KK (2020) Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ, 368, m1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1198
  • Kanel K (2015) A guide to crisis intervention, 5th ed. Boston, Cengage Learning.
  • Karstoft KI, Armour C, Elklit A, Solomon Z (2015) The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD trajectories after combat exposure. Journal of anxiety disorders, 32, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.007
  • Kasapoğlu A (2007) Yeni Toplumsal Travmalar. Ankara, Referans Yayıncılık.
  • Kasapoğlu F (2014) İyilik Hali İle Özgecilik Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi/An Examination Of The Relationship Between Wellness And Altruism. Hikmet Yurdu Düşünce-Yorum Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 7 (13), 271-288.
  • Keyes CLM, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD (2002) Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.
  • Kırık AM, Özkoçak V (2020) Yeni dünya düzeni bağlamında sosyal medya ve yeni Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (45), 133-154.
  • Landsman IS (2002) Crises of meaning in trauma and loss. In Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss: (13-30). New York, Brunner-Routledge.
  • Leary MR (2004) The Function of Self-Esteem in Terror Management Theory and Sociometer Theory: Comment on Pyszczynski et al. (2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), 478–482.
  • Lowe SR, James P, Arcaya MC, Vale MD, Rhodes JE, Rich-Edwards J, Roberts AL, Koenen KC (2020) Do levels of posttraumatic growth vary by type of traumatic event experienced? An analysis of the Nurses' Health Study II. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000554
  • Maslow, A., & Lewis, K. J. (1987). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Salenger Incorporated, 14, 987.
  • McCarthy J (2020) U.S. Coronavirus Concerns Surge, Government Trust Slides. Available from: URL: https://news.gallup.com/poll/295505/coronavirus-worries-surge.aspx. Accessed date: 20.03.2020
  • Muldoon OT, Lowe RD (2012) Social identity, groups, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Political Psychology, 33 (2), 259-273.
  • Oswald PA (2000) Subtle sex bias in empathy and helping behavior. Psychological reports, 87 (2), 545-551.
  • Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Greenberg J (2003) In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association.
  • Rosenblatt A, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Lyon D. (1989) Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57 (4), 681-690.
  • Saygın Y, Arslan Ç (2009) An Investigation Socialsupport, Self-Esteem And Subjective Well-Being Level Of College Students. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28, 207-22.
  • Saran M, Coşkun G, İnal Zorel F, Aksoy Z (2011) Üniversitelerde sosyal sorumluluk bilincinin geliştirilmesi: Ege Üniversitesi topluma hizmet uygulamaları dersi üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Yasar University, 6 (22), 3732-3747.
  • Schaller M, Cialdini RB (1988) The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24 (2), 163-181.
  • Sen S, Du S, Bhattacharya CB (2016) Corporate social responsibility: A consumer psychology perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 70-75.
  • Siewert K, Antoniw K, Kubiak T, Weber H (2011) The more the better? The relationship between mismatches in social support and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Health Psychology, 16 (4), 621-631.
  • Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (1991) A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In Advances in experimental social psychology, 24, 93-159.
  • Startup M, Makgekgenene L, Webster R (2007) The role of self-blame for trauma as assessed by the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): A self-protective cognition?. Behaviour research and therapy, 45 (2), 395-403.
  • Suryawanshi R, More V (2020) A Study of Effect of Corona Virus Covid-19 and Lock Down on Human Psychology of Pune City Region. Studies in Indian Place Names, 40 (70), 984-994.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The social psychology of intergroup relations (Eds WG Austin & S Worchel): 33-47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Tajfel H, & Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Psychology of intergroup relations (Eds S Worchel & G Austin): 7-24. Chicago, Nelson-Hall.
  • Van Bavel JJ, Baicker K, Boggio P, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Crockett M, … Willer R (2020) Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Available from: URL: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y38m9. Accessed date: 15.04.2020
  • Welp LR, Brown CM (2014) Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9 (1), 54-65.
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N (2020) The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e923549-1 - e923549-8.
  • Zara A (2018) Kolektif travma döngüsü: Kolektif travmalarda uzlaşma, bağışlama ve onarıcı adaletin iyileştirici rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri, 21, 301-311.
  • Zebel S, Doosje B, Spears R (2009) How perspective-taking helps and hinders group-based guilt as a function of group identification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12 (1), 61-78.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hilal Kaya 0000-0002-8001-0270

Elvan Kiremitçi Canıöz 0000-0003-4733-4780

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Acceptance Date August 26, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Kaya H, Kiremitçi Canıöz E. Koronavirüs Pandemisine Yönelik Psikolojik Bir Değerlendirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2021;13(2):232-246. doi:10.18863/pgy.758976

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