Review
BibTex RIS Cite

School Refusal and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1052813

Abstract

School refusal is a problem area that can turn into difficult trouble for the family, school, and students by affecting children and adolescents' academic and psychosocial development. This scoping review aims to examine the effectiveness of interventions based on the cognitive behavioral therapy approach on children and adolescents experiencing school refusal. The study was carried out following the "Standards Used in Reporting of Systematic Compilation and Meta-Analysis Results." For this purpose, the databases of DergiPark, Google Scholar, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, TR Index, and Web of Science were searched without any year restriction. As a result of the search, 233 studies were reached, and according to the inclusion criteria, ten research articles were evaluated. According to the findings, cognitive-behavioral interventions applied to children with school refusal: cognitive restructuring (n = 10, 100%), exposure (n = 10, 100%), psychoeducation (n = 6, 60%), social skills training (n = 6, 60%), problem solving training (n = 4, 40%), relaxation training (n = 4, 40%) and homework (n = 4, 40%) are predominantly used techniques. In 80% of the studies, it was determined that interventions based on the cognitive behavioral therapy approach to school refusal were effective. Parental involvement was also included in 80% (n = 8) of the studies, and 100% had effective results. Cognitive behavioral interventions are effective on school refusal as a result of the studies reviewed.

References

  • Alkan V, Şimşek S, Armağan-Erbil B (2019) Karma yöntem: Öyküleyici alanyazın incelemesi. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2):559-582.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013) Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı (DSM-5) (5. Basım) (E, Köroğlu, Çev.) Ankara, Hekimler Birliği Yayınları.
  • Bahalı K, Yolga Tahiroğlu A, Avcı A (2009) Okul reddi olan çocuk ve ergenlerin klinik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10:310-317.
  • Bahalı K, Yolga Tahiroğlu A (2010) Okul reddi: Klinik özellikler, tanı ve tedavi Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(3):362-383.
  • Bakırtaş D, Nazlıoğlu M (2021) Okul terkinin maliyeti: Kamu gelirleri kapsamında Türkiye değerlendirmesi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2):671-691.
  • Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G (1979) Cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford, The Guildford Press.
  • Beidas RS, Crawley SA, Mychailyszyn MP, Comer JS, Kendall PC (2010) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxious youth with comorbid school refusal: Clinical presentation and treatment response. Psihologijske Teme, 19(2):255–271.
  • Berg I (1997) School refusal and truancy. Arch. Dis. Child, 76:90–91.
  • Berg I, Nichols K, Pritchard C (1969) School phobia: Its classification and relationship to dependency. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 10:123–141.
  • Bernstein GA, Crosby RD, Perwien AR, Borchardt CM (1996) Anxiety rating for children-revised: Reliability and validity. J Anxiety Disord, 10:97-114.
  • Braet C, Timbremont B (2002) Children’s Depression Inventory- Dutch version. San Antonio-Texas, Harcourt Test Publishers.
  • Bronfenbrenner U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • David Ferdon C, Kaslow N (2008) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 37:62-105.
  • Epstein JL, Sheldon SB (2002) Present and accounted for: improving student attendance through family and community involvement. J Educ Res, 95:308–318.
  • Erden S, Şirin-Ayva UAB, Tekin AGI (2015) Okul reddinde bilişsel davranışçı terapinin kullanımı: İlkokul ve ortaokul olgu sunumu. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 41:119-129.
  • Fox JE, Houston BK (1983) Distinguishing between cognitive and somatic trait and state anxiety in children. J Pers Soc Psychol, 45(4):862.
  • Gittelman Klein R, Klein DF (1971) Controlled imipramine treatment of school phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 25:199-215.
  • Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 38:581-586.
  • Granell de Aldaz E, Vivas E, Gelfand DM, Feldman L (1984) Estimating the prevalence of school refusal and school-related fears: A Venezuelan sample. J Nerv Ment Dis, 172:722-729.
  • Gümüştaş F, Yulaf Y, Gökçe S (2014) Çocuk ve ergenlerde okul reddi davranışının nedenlerinin incelenmesi. Marmara Medical Journal, 27(1):27-31. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/marumj/issue/398/2785 adresinden erişildi.
  • Heyne D, King NJ, Tonge BJ, Cooper H (2002) School refusal description and management. New Ethicals Journal, 63-69.
  • Heyne D, Rollings S (2002) School refusal. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  • Heyne D, King NJ, Tonge BJ, Pritchard M, Rollings S, Young D, et al. (1998) The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations: Development and psychometric evaluation. Behav Change, 15:31-40.
  • Heyne D, Maric M, Kaijser J, Duizer L, Sijtsma C, Van der Leden S (2007) Self- Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations—Dutch version. Unpublished measure. Leiden, Leiden University.
  • Kahn JH, Nurston JP (1962) School refusal: A comprehensive view of school phobia and other failures of school attendance. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 32:707-718.
  • Karaçam Z (2013) Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1):26-33.
  • Kardaş Ö, Kardaş B, Bildik, T (2018) Gençlerde okul reddi davranışı: Buzdağının görünen ucu. Ergenlik dönemi ve ruhsal bozukluklar (s.157-169) içinde. Ankara, Türkiye Klinikleri.
  • Kearney, C. A (2001) School refusal behavior in youth: a functional approach to assessment and treatment. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Kearney CA (2002) Identifying the function of school refusal behavior: A revision of the School Refusal Assessment Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 24:235–245.
  • Kearney CA, Bates M (2005) Addressing school refusal behavior: Suggestions for frontline professionals. Children & Schools, 27:207 – 216.
  • Kearney CA, Albano AM (2007) When children refuse school: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach, therapist guide (2.baskı) Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • King NJ, Bernstein G (2001) School refusal in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 40(2):197–205.
  • Kirby A (2018) School refusal: kids who just say no to school. Education Digest, 83(8):41-43.
  • Last CG, Strauss CC (1990) School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 29(1):31-35.
  • Last CG, Hansen C, Franco N (1998) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 37(4):404-11.
  • Lee H (2019) The use of cognitive behavioural therapy for school refusal behaviour in educational psychology practice. Educational Psychology Research and Practice, 5(2):1-13.
  • Lüleci B (2015) Bilişsel davranışçı müdahalelerin okul reddi yaşayan çocuk ve ergenler üzerinde etkisine ilişkin bir inceleme. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16 (2):408-421.
  • March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
  • Maynard BR, Heyne D, Esposito-Brendel K, Bulanda JJ, Thompson AM, Pigott TD (2018) Treatment for school refusal among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta analysis. Res Soc Work Pract. 28:56-67.
  • Maeda T, Oniki K, Miike T (2019) Sleep education in primary school prevents future school refusal behavior. Pediatr Int, 61:1036-1042.
  • Ollendick TH (1983) Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Surgery Schedule for Children (FSSC-R) Behav Res Ther, 21(6):685-92.
  • Oosterlaan J, Prins PJM, Hartman CA, Sergeant JA (1995) Vragenlijst voor Angst bij Kinderen (VAK): Zelfrapportagevragenlijst voor angst bij kinderen van 6-12 jaar, Een Nederlandse bewerking van de Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSCR) Handleiding [Dutch Adaptation of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children]. Lisse, Swets Test Services.
  • Poznanski EO, Grossman A, Buchsbaum Y, Banegas M, Freeman L, Gibbons R (1984) Preliminaty studies of the reliabilityand validity of the Children's Depression Rating Scale. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 23:191-197.
  • Sarı T (2015) Positive psychotherapy: Its development, basic principles and methods, and applicability to Turkish culture. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(2):182-203.
  • Silverman W, Pina A, Viswesvaran C (2008) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 37:105-131.
  • T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2019) Millî Eğitim istatistikleri örgün eğitim (Yayın No. 5846) https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_09/04144812_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2019_2020.pdf
  • The PRISMA Statement (2021, Mart 29) PRISMA statement. http://www.prisma-statement.org/PRISMAStatement/ adresinden 27 Eylül 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Tolin DF, Whiting S, Maltby N, Diefenbach GJ, Lothstein MA, Hardcastle S, et al. (2009) Intensive (daily) behavior therapy for school refusal: A multiple baseline case series. Cogn Behav Pract, 16(3):332–344.
  • Tonge B, Dudley A, Melvin G, Heyne D, Rollings S (2006) School refusal program consumer satisfaction questionnaire. Unpublished questionnaire.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2013) Ethical research involving children (Yayın No. 978-88-6522-023-8)
  • Utens EMWJ, Ferdinand RF (2000) Nederlandse vertaling van de Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC-NL) [Dutch translation of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children]. Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Kinderziekenhuis.
  • Verhulst FC, Van der Ende J, Koot HM (1996) Handleiding voor de CBCL (4–18) [Manual for the CBCL (4–18)]. Rotterdam, Erasmus University.
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP (1983) The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 67:361-370.

Okul Reddi ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1052813

Abstract

Okul reddi, çocukların ve ergenlerin akademik ve psikososyal gelişimlerini etkileyerek aile, okul ve öğrenci için çözümlenmesi güç bir soruna dönüşebilen bir problem alanıdır. Bu gözden geçirme çalışmasının amacı, bilişsel davranışçı terapiye dayalı müdahalelerin okul reddi yaşayan çocuklar ve ergenler üzerine etkililiğini araştıran makaleleri incelemektir. Çalışma, “Sistematik Derleme ve Meta Analiz Sonuçlarının Raporlanmasında Kullanılan Standartlar” (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses) karar kriterlerine uygun şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, herhangi bir yıl kısıtlaması getirilmeden DergiPark, Google Akademik, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, TR Dizin ve Web of Science veri tabanları taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda, 233 çalışmaya ulaşılmış, dahil etme kriterlerine göre 10 araştırma makalesi değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bulgulara göre okul reddi yaşayan çocuklara yönelik uygulanan bilişsel davranışçı müdahalelerde: bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma (n = 10, %100), maruz bırakma (n = 10, %100), psikoeğitim (n = 6, %60), sosyal beceri eğitimi (n = 6, %60), problem çözme eğitimi (n = 4, %40), gevşeme eğitimi (n = 4, %40) ve ev ödevi (n = 4, %40) teknikleri ağırlıklı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmaların %80’inde okul reddi üzerine yürütülen bilişsel davranışçı terapi yaklaşımına dayalı müdahalelerin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaların %80’inde (n = 8) ebeveyn katılımı da dahil edilmiş ve çalışmaların %100’ünde etkili sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalar sonucunda bilişsel davranışçı müdahalelerinin okul reddi üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir.

References

  • Alkan V, Şimşek S, Armağan-Erbil B (2019) Karma yöntem: Öyküleyici alanyazın incelemesi. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2):559-582.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013) Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı (DSM-5) (5. Basım) (E, Köroğlu, Çev.) Ankara, Hekimler Birliği Yayınları.
  • Bahalı K, Yolga Tahiroğlu A, Avcı A (2009) Okul reddi olan çocuk ve ergenlerin klinik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10:310-317.
  • Bahalı K, Yolga Tahiroğlu A (2010) Okul reddi: Klinik özellikler, tanı ve tedavi Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(3):362-383.
  • Bakırtaş D, Nazlıoğlu M (2021) Okul terkinin maliyeti: Kamu gelirleri kapsamında Türkiye değerlendirmesi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2):671-691.
  • Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G (1979) Cognitive therapy for depression. Guilford, The Guildford Press.
  • Beidas RS, Crawley SA, Mychailyszyn MP, Comer JS, Kendall PC (2010) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxious youth with comorbid school refusal: Clinical presentation and treatment response. Psihologijske Teme, 19(2):255–271.
  • Berg I (1997) School refusal and truancy. Arch. Dis. Child, 76:90–91.
  • Berg I, Nichols K, Pritchard C (1969) School phobia: Its classification and relationship to dependency. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 10:123–141.
  • Bernstein GA, Crosby RD, Perwien AR, Borchardt CM (1996) Anxiety rating for children-revised: Reliability and validity. J Anxiety Disord, 10:97-114.
  • Braet C, Timbremont B (2002) Children’s Depression Inventory- Dutch version. San Antonio-Texas, Harcourt Test Publishers.
  • Bronfenbrenner U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • David Ferdon C, Kaslow N (2008) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 37:62-105.
  • Epstein JL, Sheldon SB (2002) Present and accounted for: improving student attendance through family and community involvement. J Educ Res, 95:308–318.
  • Erden S, Şirin-Ayva UAB, Tekin AGI (2015) Okul reddinde bilişsel davranışçı terapinin kullanımı: İlkokul ve ortaokul olgu sunumu. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 41:119-129.
  • Fox JE, Houston BK (1983) Distinguishing between cognitive and somatic trait and state anxiety in children. J Pers Soc Psychol, 45(4):862.
  • Gittelman Klein R, Klein DF (1971) Controlled imipramine treatment of school phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 25:199-215.
  • Goodman R (1997) The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 38:581-586.
  • Granell de Aldaz E, Vivas E, Gelfand DM, Feldman L (1984) Estimating the prevalence of school refusal and school-related fears: A Venezuelan sample. J Nerv Ment Dis, 172:722-729.
  • Gümüştaş F, Yulaf Y, Gökçe S (2014) Çocuk ve ergenlerde okul reddi davranışının nedenlerinin incelenmesi. Marmara Medical Journal, 27(1):27-31. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/marumj/issue/398/2785 adresinden erişildi.
  • Heyne D, King NJ, Tonge BJ, Cooper H (2002) School refusal description and management. New Ethicals Journal, 63-69.
  • Heyne D, Rollings S (2002) School refusal. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  • Heyne D, King NJ, Tonge BJ, Pritchard M, Rollings S, Young D, et al. (1998) The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations: Development and psychometric evaluation. Behav Change, 15:31-40.
  • Heyne D, Maric M, Kaijser J, Duizer L, Sijtsma C, Van der Leden S (2007) Self- Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations—Dutch version. Unpublished measure. Leiden, Leiden University.
  • Kahn JH, Nurston JP (1962) School refusal: A comprehensive view of school phobia and other failures of school attendance. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 32:707-718.
  • Karaçam Z (2013) Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1):26-33.
  • Kardaş Ö, Kardaş B, Bildik, T (2018) Gençlerde okul reddi davranışı: Buzdağının görünen ucu. Ergenlik dönemi ve ruhsal bozukluklar (s.157-169) içinde. Ankara, Türkiye Klinikleri.
  • Kearney, C. A (2001) School refusal behavior in youth: a functional approach to assessment and treatment. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Kearney CA (2002) Identifying the function of school refusal behavior: A revision of the School Refusal Assessment Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 24:235–245.
  • Kearney CA, Bates M (2005) Addressing school refusal behavior: Suggestions for frontline professionals. Children & Schools, 27:207 – 216.
  • Kearney CA, Albano AM (2007) When children refuse school: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach, therapist guide (2.baskı) Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • King NJ, Bernstein G (2001) School refusal in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 40(2):197–205.
  • Kirby A (2018) School refusal: kids who just say no to school. Education Digest, 83(8):41-43.
  • Last CG, Strauss CC (1990) School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 29(1):31-35.
  • Last CG, Hansen C, Franco N (1998) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 37(4):404-11.
  • Lee H (2019) The use of cognitive behavioural therapy for school refusal behaviour in educational psychology practice. Educational Psychology Research and Practice, 5(2):1-13.
  • Lüleci B (2015) Bilişsel davranışçı müdahalelerin okul reddi yaşayan çocuk ve ergenler üzerinde etkisine ilişkin bir inceleme. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16 (2):408-421.
  • March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.
  • Maynard BR, Heyne D, Esposito-Brendel K, Bulanda JJ, Thompson AM, Pigott TD (2018) Treatment for school refusal among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta analysis. Res Soc Work Pract. 28:56-67.
  • Maeda T, Oniki K, Miike T (2019) Sleep education in primary school prevents future school refusal behavior. Pediatr Int, 61:1036-1042.
  • Ollendick TH (1983) Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Surgery Schedule for Children (FSSC-R) Behav Res Ther, 21(6):685-92.
  • Oosterlaan J, Prins PJM, Hartman CA, Sergeant JA (1995) Vragenlijst voor Angst bij Kinderen (VAK): Zelfrapportagevragenlijst voor angst bij kinderen van 6-12 jaar, Een Nederlandse bewerking van de Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSCR) Handleiding [Dutch Adaptation of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children]. Lisse, Swets Test Services.
  • Poznanski EO, Grossman A, Buchsbaum Y, Banegas M, Freeman L, Gibbons R (1984) Preliminaty studies of the reliabilityand validity of the Children's Depression Rating Scale. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 23:191-197.
  • Sarı T (2015) Positive psychotherapy: Its development, basic principles and methods, and applicability to Turkish culture. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(2):182-203.
  • Silverman W, Pina A, Viswesvaran C (2008) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 37:105-131.
  • T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2019) Millî Eğitim istatistikleri örgün eğitim (Yayın No. 5846) https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_09/04144812_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2019_2020.pdf
  • The PRISMA Statement (2021, Mart 29) PRISMA statement. http://www.prisma-statement.org/PRISMAStatement/ adresinden 27 Eylül 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Tolin DF, Whiting S, Maltby N, Diefenbach GJ, Lothstein MA, Hardcastle S, et al. (2009) Intensive (daily) behavior therapy for school refusal: A multiple baseline case series. Cogn Behav Pract, 16(3):332–344.
  • Tonge B, Dudley A, Melvin G, Heyne D, Rollings S (2006) School refusal program consumer satisfaction questionnaire. Unpublished questionnaire.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2013) Ethical research involving children (Yayın No. 978-88-6522-023-8)
  • Utens EMWJ, Ferdinand RF (2000) Nederlandse vertaling van de Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC-NL) [Dutch translation of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children]. Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Centre Sophia Kinderziekenhuis.
  • Verhulst FC, Van der Ende J, Koot HM (1996) Handleiding voor de CBCL (4–18) [Manual for the CBCL (4–18)]. Rotterdam, Erasmus University.
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP (1983) The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 67:361-370.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Beyza Şanal Güngör 0000-0002-8016-9660

Nilüfer Koçtürk 0000-0001-6124-1842

Early Pub Date March 31, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Acceptance Date May 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Şanal Güngör B, Koçtürk N. School Refusal and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. March 2023;15(1):1-11. doi:10.18863/pgy.1052813

Creative Commons License
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.