Tanılar Üstü Yaklaşım ve Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 307 - 322, 30.06.2023

Emre Özdemir , A. Bikem Hacıömeroğlu

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1110989

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Psikiyatrik bozuklukların açıklanmasında geleneksel psikiyatrik nozolojinin kategorik yaklaşımı uzunca bir süredir hakim yaklaşım olmuş ve bozukluklar belirtilere dayalı tanı kategorileriyle tanımlanmıştır. Ancak son yıllarda geleneksel tanı sınırlarının ötesine uzanan yeni sınıflandırma sistemi olan "transdiagnostic" yani “tanılar üstü” yaklaşımın önemi giderek artmaktadır. Yaklaşım, psikopatolojileri gözlemlenebilir belirtilere göre sınıflandıran kategorik yaklaşımdan uzaklaşıp boyutsal olarak pek çok psikopatolojinin altında yatan ortak bilişsel, davranışsal, kişilerarası ve biyolojik süreçlerin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Belirtilerin ötesinde bozuklukların altında yatan ortak süreçler ve risk faktörleri üzerinden tedavi etmeyi böylelikle heterojen ve eştanı belirtileri daha iyi ele alabilmeyi ve tedavi sırasında değişebilen tanı kategorilerinden uzak kalmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu derleme makalesi ile sınıflandırmaya dayalı tanı konmasındaki mevcut sorunların ne olduğu ve alandaki boşluklar incelenmiş, yaklaşımın kendisi bir çözüm önerisi olarak sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda psikiyatrik bozukluklar için yeni bir sınıflandırma sistemi girişimi olan RDoC (Research Domain Criteria - Araştırma Alanı Ölçütleri); genetik, sinirbilim ve davranış bilimlerindeki modern araştırma yaklaşımlarını kullanarak yeni yapı ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada tanılar üstü yaklaşımın tanımı ve ortaya çıkışı, tanılar üstü yaklaşım bağlamında obsesif kompulsif bozukluk ve RDoC, tanılar üstü tedavi yaklaşımı aktarılmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasının tanılar üstü yaklaşım çerçevesinde hem temel psikopatoloji araştırmalarında hem de tedavi yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesinde kaynak olması amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Tanılar üstü yaklaşım, RDoC, eştanı, obsesif kompulsif bozukluk

Transdiagnostic Approach and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Abstract

The categorical approach of traditional psychiatric nosology has been a forceful approach for a very long time for explaining psychological disorders which are defined by symptom based diagnostic categories. However, in recent years, the importance of the "transdiagnostic" approach which is a new classification system is increasing. The transdiagnostic approach aims to examine dimensionally the common cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and biological processes underlying many psychopathologies away from the categorical approach that classifies psychopathologies according to observable symptoms. This approach intends to treat the disorders through the common underlying processes and risk factors, thus heterogeneous and comorbid symptoms are better addressed and diagnostic categories that may change during treatment are avoided. In this review study, the current problems in diagnosing based on classification and gaps in the field were examined, and the approach itself was proposed as a solution. RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) which is a new classification system for psychiatric disorders within the scope of the approach, has created a new structure using modern research approaches in genetics, neuroscience and behavioral sciences. In the present study, the definition and emergence of the transdiagnostic approach, obsessive compulsive disorder and RDoC in the context of transdiagnostic approach and transdiagnostic treatment are explained. This review is intended to be a resource for both basic psychopathology research and the development of treatment methods within the framework of a transdiagnostic approach.

Keywords

Transdiagnostic approach, RDoC, comorbidity, obsessive compulsive disorder

References

• Abramowitz, J. S. ve Foa, E. B. (2000). Does major depressive disorder influence outcome of exposure and response prevention for OCD? Behavior Therapy, 31, 795 - 800. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80045-3
• Abramowitz, J. S., Storch, E. A., Keeley, M. ve Cordell, E. (2007). Obsessive compulsive disorder with comorbid major depression, What is the role of cognitive factors? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2257–2267. 10.1080/15374416.2010.501285
• Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S., Kalsy, S. A. ve Tolin, D. F. (2003). Thought control strategies in obsessive–compulsive disorder, A replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 529–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00026-8
• Adam, Y., Meinlschmidt, G., Gloster, A.T. ve Lieb, R. (2012). Obsessive- compulsive disorder in the community, 12- month prevalence, comorbidity and impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 47 (3), 339 – 349. 10.1007/s00127-010-0337-5
• Aldao, A. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies as transdiagnostic processes, A closer look at the invariance of their form and function. Revista de Psicopatologia y Psicologia Clinica, 17(3), 261-278.
• Aldao, A. ve Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotionregulation strategies and psychopathology. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 22-33. 10.1080/16506073.2013.816769
• Aldao, A. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012a). The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7-8), 493-501. 10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.004
• Aldao, A. ve Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012b). When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 276-281. 10.1037/a0023598
• Allen, L. B., Tsao, J. C., Seidman, L. C., Ehrenreich-May, J. ve Zeltzer, L. K. (2012). A unified, transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with chronic pain and comorbid anxiety and depression. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(1), 56-67. 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.04.007
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
• Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B. ve Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behaviour Therapy, 35, 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4
• Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Farchione, T. J., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B. ve Ehrenreich-May, J. (2011). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders, Client workbook. New York, Oxford University Press. 10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.001
• Barlow, D.H., Farchione TJ, Bullis JR, Gallagher MW, Murray-Latin H, Sauer-Zavala S.,… Cassiello-Robbins, C. (2017) The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 74(9), 875-884.
• Barlow, D.H., Farchione, T.J., Fairholme, C.P., Ellard, K.K., Boisseau, C.I., Allen, L.B. ve Ehrenreich-May, J.T. (2011). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (therapist guide). New York, NY, Oxford University Press. 10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.001
• Barlow, D. H. ve Lehman, C. L. (1996). Advances in the psychosocial treatment of anxiety disorders, Implications for national health care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 727–735. 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830080079013
• Barlow, D.H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R. ve Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism, Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613505532
• Barrow, J.C., Moore CA (1983) Group interventions with perfectionistic thinking. Pers Guid J, 61,612-615. Doi: 10.18863/pgy.703132
• Beck, A.T. (1979) Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders, 2nd ed. New York, New American Library.
• Beck, A.T., Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, Guilford Press.
• Beck, A.T. ve Gellatly, R. (2016). Catastrophic Thinking, A Transdiagnostic Process Across Psychiatric Disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10608-016-9763-3
• Beck, A.T., Emery, G. ve Greenberg, R. L. (2005). Anxiety disorders and phobias, A cognitive perspective. New York, Basic Books.
• Bennett-Levy, J., Butler, G., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., Mueller, M. ve Westbrook, D. (2004). The Oxford guide to behavioural experiments in cognitive therapy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Berking, M. ve Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health, recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503669
• Borkovec, T., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T. ve Depree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry – some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
• Boswell, J. F., Anderson, L. M. ve Barlow, D. H. (2014). An idiographic analysis of change processes in the unified transdiagnostic treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 1060-1071. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037403
• Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J. ve Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV+ individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9497-9
• Buckner, J. D., Keough, M. E. ve Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Problematic alcohol and cannabis use among young adults, The roles of depression and discomfort and distress tolerance. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1957–1963. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.019
• Calamari, J. E., Rector, N. A.,Woodard, J. L., Cohen, R. J. ve Chik,H.M. (2008). Anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Assessment, 15, 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107312611
• Calkins, A. W., Berman, N. C. ve Wilhelm, S. (2013). Recent advances in research on cognition and emotion in OCD, A review. Current psychiatry reports, 15(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11920-013-0357-4
• Carpenter, R. W. ve Trull, T. J. (2013). Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder, A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2
• Cavanagh, J. ve Shackman, A. (2014) Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 109, 3–15.
• Chasson, G.S, Bello, M.S., Luxon, A.M., Graham, T.A.A. ve Leventhal, A.M. (2017). Transdiagnostic emotional vulnerabilities linking obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in a community-based sample of adolescents. Depress Anxiety, 34(8),761-769. doi: 10.1002/da.22669
• Chen, Y.W. ve Dilsaver, S.C.. (1995). Comorbidity for obsessivecompulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders . Psychiatry Res. 59 ( 1– 2 ), 57 – 64. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02752-1
• Clark, D. A. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression, Possibilities and limitations of a transdiagnostic perspective. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(sup1), 29–34. doi:10.1080/16506070902980
• Clark, D. M. ve Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A., Hope ve F.R. Schneier (Eds.), Social Phobia, Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment. (pp. 69-93). New York, Guilford Press.https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1352465808004487
• Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Fitch, K. E. ve Hawkins, K. A. (2011). Distress tolerance and obsessions, An integrative analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 906–914. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20846
• Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R. ve Goetz, A. R. (2012). Exploring the unique and interactive roles of distress tolerance and negative urgency in obsessions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 515–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.017
• Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Sarawgi, S., Smith, C. M. ve Fitch, K. E. (2013). A multi-modal investigation of the roles of distress tolerance and emotional reactivity in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 26, 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2012.697156
• Craske, M. G. (2012). Transdiagnostic treatment for anxiety and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 749–753. doi: 10.1002/da.21992
• Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). Dimensional models of psychopatholgy, Research agenda and clinical utility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 565–569. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.565
• Cuthbert, B.N. ve Kozak, M.J. (2013). Constructing constructs for psychopathology, the NIMH research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034028
• Dear, B.F., Staples, L.G., Terides, M.D., Karin, E., Zou, J., Johnston, L., .Titov, N. (2015). Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders, a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord Dec; 36,63-77. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis. 2015.09.003
• DeRubeis, R. J., Brotman, M. A. ve Gibbons, C. J. (2005). A conceptual and methodological analysis of the nonspecifics argument. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 12, 174−183. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpi022
• DeVeaugh-Geiss, J. (1993). Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Annual Review of Medicine, 44, 53-61. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.44.020193.000413
• Douglas,s H.M. , Moffi, T.E. , Dar, R. , McGee, R., Silva, P. (1995). Obsessive- compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18- year- olds, prevalence and predictors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34 ( 11 ), 1424 – 1431. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199511000-00008
• Dudley, R., Kuyken, W., Padesky, C.A. (2011(. Disorder specific and trans-diagnostic case conceptualisation. Clinical Psychology Review 31,2, 213-224. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr. 2010.07.005
• Eaton, N.R., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Carragher, N., Krueger, R.F. (2015) Transdiagnostic factors of psychopathology and substance use disorders, a review. J Affect Disord 188, 22-27. doi: 10.1007/s00127-014-1001-2
• Ehring, T. ve Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. Int J. Cogn. Ther. 1, 192–205 https://doi.org/10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192
• Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schonfeld, S. ve Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 225–232. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003
• Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Oxford, Lyle Stuart.
• Ellis, A. J., Vanderlind, W. M. ve Beevers, C. G. (2013). Enhanced anger reactivity and reduced distress tolerance in major depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9494-z
• Endrass,T. ve Ullsperger, M. (2014) Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 124–138.
• Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J. ve Borger, S. C. (2001). Correlates of analogue and clinical depression, A further test of the phenomenological continuity hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 175−183. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00305-0
• Everitt B.J, Dickinson A, Robbins T.W. (2001). The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Res. Rev. 36,129–138. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00088-1
• Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H. A., O’Connor, M. E., Bohn, K., Hawker, D. M.,Wales, J. A. ve Palmer, R. L. (2009). Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with eating disorders, a two-site trial with 60-week follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(3), 311–319. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040608
• Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J. R. ve Barlow, D. H. (2012). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders, A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 666-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.001
• Figee, M., Pattij, T., Willuhn, I., Luigjes, J., van den Brink, W., Goudriaan, A., …Denys, D. (2016) Compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictions. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 856–868. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro. 2015.12.003
• Fineberg, N.A., Hengartner, M.P., Bergbaum, C., Gale, T., Rössler, W., Angst, J. (2013). Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and sub-threshold obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in the community, impact, prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 17, 188–196. doi:10.3109/13651501.2013.777745
• Fink, P., Ornbol, E., Toft, T., Sparle, K. C., Frostholm, L. ve Olesen, F. (2004). A new, empirically established hypochondriasis diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1680–1691. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1680
• Foa, E. B., Grayson, J. B., Steketee, G. S., Doppelt, H. G., Turner, R. M. ve Latimer, P. R. (1983). Success and failure in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0022006X.51.2.287
• Fontenelle, L.F., Oldenhof, E., Eduarda Moreira-de-Oliveira, M., Abramowitz J.S., Antony, M.M., Cath, D., …Yücel, M. A. (2020). A transdiagnostic perspective of constructs underlying obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, an international Delphi consensus study Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatr.,54, pp. 719-731. doi:10.1177/0004867420912327
• Frank, J., Woroch, B..S, Curran T (2005). Error-related negativity predicts reinforcement learning and conflict biases. Neuron 47(4), 495-501. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.020
• Fusar‐Poli, P., Solmi, M., Brondino, N., Davies, C., Chae, C., Politi, P., ... ve McGuire, P. (2019). Transdiagnostic psychiatry, a systematic review. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 192-207. doi: 10.1002/wps.20631
• Gillan, C.M., Fineberg, N.A. and Robbinss, T.W., (2017) A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine , 47, 1528–1548. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0033291716002786
• Glashouwer, K. A., Vroling, M. S., de Jong, P. J., Lange,W. G.,ve de Keijser, J. (2013). Low implicit self-esteem and dysfunctional automatic associations in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(2), 262–270. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.005
• Glenn, C. R. ve Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a core feature of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 20–28. doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.1.20
• Goldner, E. M., Cockell, S. J. ve Srikameswaran, S. (2002). Perfectionism and eating disorders. In G. L. Flett ve P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism, Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 319–340). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 10458-013
• Gorka, S. M., Ali, B. ve Daughters, S. B. (2012). The role of distress tolerance in the relationship between depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026386
• Goschke, T. (2014) of decision-making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders, Advances, gaps, and needs in current research. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 23(Suppl. 1), 41–57 (2014). doi:10.1002/mpr.1410
• Gratz, K. L., Weiss, N. H. ve Tull, M. T. (2015). Examining emotion regulation as an outcome, mechanism, or target of psychological treatments. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3(0), 85-90. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.010
• Harvey, A. G. (2002). Trouble in bed, The role of pre–sleep worry and intrusions in the maintenance of insomnia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16, 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.2.161.63992
• Harvey, A., Murray, G., Chandler, R. ve Soehner, A. (2011). Sleep disturbance as transdiagnostic, Consideration of neurobiological mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 225–235. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.003
• Harvey, A. G., Watkins, E., Mansell, W. ve Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders, A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Hatzigiakoumis, D. S., Martinotti, G., Giannantonio, M. D. ve Janiri, L. (2011). Anhedonia and substance dependence, Clinical correlates and treatment options. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00010
• Hewitt, P. L. ve Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts, Conceptualization, assessment and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456−470. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.60.3.456
• Hewitt, P. L. ve Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression, a test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.1.58
• Hogue, A. ve Dauber, S. (2013). Diagnostic Profiles among Urban Adolescents with Unmet Treatment Needs, Comorbidity and Perceived Need for Treatment. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 21(1), 18-32. doi.10.1177/1063426611407500
• Insel, T.R., Lieberman, Jeffrey A. (2013). "DSM-5 and RDoC, Shared Interests". National Institute of Mental Health. American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2013/dsm-5-and-rdoc-shared-interests.shtm
• Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748–751. doi:10.1176/ appi.ajp. 2010.09091379
• Juster, H.R., Heimberg, R.G., Frost, R.O., Holt, C.S., Mattia, J.I., Faccend,a K. (1996). Social phobia and perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 21,403–410. doi:10.1016/ j.jbtep.2009.04.002
• Kessler, R.C , Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age- of- onset distributions of DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 62 (6), 593 – 602 . doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
• Kring, A. M. ve Sloan, D. S. (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology, A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York, Guilford Press.
• Laposa, J. M., Mancuso, E., Abraham, G. ve Loli-Dano, L. (2017). Unified protocol transdiagnostic treatment in group format, A preliminary investigation with anxious individuals. Behavior Modification, 41(2), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0145445516667664
• Lopez, M. E., Stoddard, J. A., Noorollah, A., Zerbi, G., Payne, L. A., Hitchcock, C. A. ve Ray, D. B. (2015). Examining the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in the treatment of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(4), 522-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cbpra.2014.06.006
• Macatee, R. J., Capron, D. W., Schmidt, N. B. ve Cougle, J. R. (2013). An examination of low distress tolerance and life stressors as factors underlying obsessions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1462–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.019
• Maj M. (2016). Narrowing the gap between ICD/ DSM and RDoC constructs, possible steps and caveats . World Psychiatry. 15 (3), 193 – 194. doi:10.1002/wps.20370
• Manoach, D.S. ve Agam Y. (2013) Neural markers of errors as endophenotypes in neuropsychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 350
• Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E. ve Shafran, R. (2009). Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(1), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.6
• McEvoy, P. M. ve Nathan, P. (2007). Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for diagnostically heterogeneous groups, A benchmarking study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 344−350. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.344
• McEvoy, P. M., Nathan, P. ve Norton, P. J. (2009). Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments, A review of published outcome studies and future research directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.20
• McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R. ve Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity, Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 313–320.
• McHugh, R. K., Murray, H. W. ve Barlow, D. H. (2009). Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments, The promise of transdiagnostic interventions. Behavior research and therapy, 47(11), 946-953. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.005
• McKay, D., Abramowitz, J.S., Calamari, J.E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A., Sookman, D., Taylor, S., Wilhelm, S. (2004). A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: symptoms versus mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev. 24(3): 283-313. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003.
• McLaughlin, K.A., Mennin, D.S., Farach, F.J. (2007). The contributory role of worry in emotion generation and dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 45(8):1735-52. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.004.
• McLaughlin, K.A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 49(3):186-93. doi: 10.1016/ j.brat.2010.12.006.
• McManus, F., Shafran, R. ve Cooper, Z. (2010). What does a “transdiagnostic” approach have to offer the treatment of anxiety disorders? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 491–505. doi:10.1348/014466509X476567
• Mills, K. ve Marel, C. (2013). International Data on the Prevalence and Correlates of Comorbid Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders. In P. Miller (Ed.), Principles of Addition, Comprehensive Addictive Behaviours and Disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 481-488). Sydney, Academic Press. doi:10.1348/014466509X476567
• Minzenberg, M.J., Gomes, G.C., Yoon, J.H., Swaab, T.Y. ve Carter, C.S. (2014) Disrupted action monitoring in recent-onset psychosis patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 221, 114–121
• Moor, S., Vartanian, L. R., Touyz, S. W. ve Beumont, P. J. V. (2004). Psychopathology of EDNOS patients, To whom do they compare? Clinical Psychologist, 8, 70−75. doi:10.1080/1328420041233130436
• Morrison, A. P. ve Wells, A. (2007). Relationships between worry, psychotic experiences and emotional distress in patients with schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses and comparisons with anxious and non–patient groups. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1593–1600. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.010
• Moser, J. S., Moran, T. P., Schroder, H. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Yeung, N. (2013). On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466
• Mowrer, O.H. (1947). On the dual nature of learning—A re-interpretation of conditioning and problem-solving. Harvard Educational Review, 17, 102–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_2470
• Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O.J. , Cai, G. , Samuels, J., Eaton, W.W. (1998). Incidence of obsessive- compulsive disorder in adults . J Nerv Ment Dis, 186 ( 7 ), 401 – 406. doi:10.1097/00005053-199807000-00003
• Newby, J. M., Mackenzie, A., Williams, A. D., McIntyre, K., Watts, S., Wong, N. ve Andrews, G. (2013). Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for mixed anxiety and depression, a randomized controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care. Psychological Medicine, 43(12), 2635–2648. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000111
• Newby, J.M., McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Gilbody, S., Dalgleish, T. (2015). Systematic review and meta‐analysis of transdiagnostic psychological treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood. Clin Psychol Rev. 40,91‐110. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.002
• Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E. ve Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 198–207. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.198
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
• Nolen-Hoeksema S., Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster, The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 61, 115-121. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.1.115
• Norton, P. J. (2008). An open trial of transdiagnostic cognitive–behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorders. Behavior Therapy, 39, 242−250. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.002
• Norton, P. J. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. Behavior Therapy, 43, 506–517 doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.011
• Norton, P. J. ve Barrera, T. L. (2012). Transdiagnostic versus diagnosis-specific CBT for anxiety disorders, A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 874–882. doi:10.1002/da.21974
• Norton, P. J., Hayes, S. A. ve Hope, D. A. (2004). Effects of a transdiagnostic group treatment for anxiety on secondary depressive disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 20, 198−202 doi: 10.1002/da.20045
• Norton, P. J., Hayes, S. A. ve Springer, J. R. (2008). Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety, Outcome and process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 266−279. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.002
• Norton, P. J. ve Paulus, D. J. (2016). Towards a unified treatment for emotional disorders, Update on the science and practice. Behavior Therapy, 47, 854–868. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.07.002
• Norton, P. J. ve Philipp, L. M. (2008). Transdiagnostic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders, A quantitative review. Psychotherapy, Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 45(2), 214−226. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.214
• Nota, J.A., Coles, M.E. (2015). Duration and Timing of Sleep are Associated with Repetitive Negative Thinking. Cogn Ther Res, 39, 253–261. doi:10.1080/ 15402002.2018.1557188
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessivecompulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(7), 667-681. doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1557188
• O’Cleirigh, C.O. ve Ironson, G. (2007). Does distress tolerance moderate the impact of major life events on psychosocial variables and behaviors important in the management of HIV? Behavior Therapy, 38, 314–323. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.11.001
• Olatunji, B.O. ve Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders, A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological bulletin, 135, 974–999. doi:10.1037/a0017428
• Ottaviani, R. ve Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive aspects of panic disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(87)90019-3
• Padesky, C. A. ve Greenberger, D. (1995). Clinician's guide to mind over mood. New York, Guilford Press.
• Pallanti S, Grassi G, Sarrecchia ED, Cantisani A, Pellegrini M (2011). Obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity, clinical assessment and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 70. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00070
• Paulus, D. J., Talkovsky, A. M., Heggeness, L. F. ve Norton, P. J. (2015). Beyond negative affectivity, A hierarchical model of global and transdiagnostic vulnerabilities for emotional disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44, 389–405. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/16506073.2015.1017529
• Pearl, S. B. ve Norton, P. J. (2017). Transdiagnostic versus diagnosis specific cognitive behavioural therapies for anxiety, a meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 46, 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.004
• Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(9), 793–802. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00040-5
• Rachman, S. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions, Elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 385–401. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10041-9
• Raines, A. M., Capron, D. W., Bontempo, A. C., Dane, B. F. ve Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions and suicide, The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 660–669. DOI:10.1007/s10608-014-9622-z
• Rasmussen, S.A. ve Eisen, J.L. (1992). The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics, 15, 743-758. 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00017
• Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K. ve Leybman, M. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders, Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 1967– 1975. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.017
• Rector, N. A., Man, V. ve Lerman, B. (2014). The expanding cognitive-behavioural therapy treatment umbrella for the anxiety disorders, Disorder-specific and transdiagnostic approaches. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59, 301–309. doi:10.1177/070674371405900603
• Reinholt, N. ve Krogh, J. (2014). Efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders, a systematic review and meta-analysis of published outcome studies. Cogn Behav Ther, 43(3), 171-184. doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.897367
• Reinholt, N., Aharoni, R., Winding, C., Rosenberg, N., Rosenbaum, B. ve Arnfred, S. (2017). Transdiagnostic group CBT for anxiety disorders, The unified protocol in mental health services. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(1), 29-43. 10.1080/16506073.2016.1227360
• Riesel, A., Klawohn, J., Grützmann, R., Kaufmann, C., Heinzel, S., Bey, K., … Kathmann, N. (2019). Error-related brain activity as a transdiagnostic endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and substance use disorder. Psychological medicine, 49(7), 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000199
• Robbins T.W., Gillan C.M., Smith D.G., de Wit S, Ersche K.D. (2012). Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity, towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16, 81–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.009
• Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M. ve Mennin, D. S. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder, Preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40, 142–154 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001
• Rottenberg, J., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J. ve Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder. Emotion, 2, 135–146 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.135
• Ruscio A.M , Stein, D.J., Chiu, W.T. , Kessler, R.C. (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive- compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Mol Psychiatry, 15 (1), 53 – 63 . 13. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.94
• Saboonchi, F., Lundh, L. ve Ost, L. (1999). Perfectionism and self-consciousness in social phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37,799−808. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00183-1
• Sassaroli, S., Lauro, L. J. R., Ruggiero, G. M., Mauri, M. C., Vinai, P. ve Frost, R. (2008). Perfectionism in depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder and eating disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 757−765. doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462009005000004
• Sauer-Zavala, S., Gutner, C. A., Farchione, T. J., Boettcher, H. T., Bullis, J. R. ve Barlow, D. H. (2017). Current definitions of “transdiagnostic” in treatment development, A search for consensus. Behavior Therapy, 48(1), 128 – 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.004
• Selby, E. A., Anestis, M., Bender, T. ve Joiner, T. E. (2009). An exploration of the emotional cascade model in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(2), 375–387 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015711
• Selby, E. A. ve Joiner, T. E. (2009). Cascades of emotion, The emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015687
• Selby, E. A. ve Joiner, T. E. (2013). Emotional cascades as prospective predictors of dysregulated behaviors in borderline personality disorder. Personality disorders, Theory, research, and treatment, 4(2), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029933
• Shafran, R., Cooper, Z. ve Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism, A cognitive–behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773-791. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00059-6
• Shafran, R. ve Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology, A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 879−906. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00072
• Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Kothari, R., Allcott-Watson, H., Carlbring, P., ... Andersson, G. (2017). Is the devil in the detail? A randomized controlled trial of guided internet-based CBT for perfectionism. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Doi: 10.1016/ j.brat.2017.05.014
• Shoan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H. ve Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders, A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141-163. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002
• Steil, R. ve Ehlers, A. (2000). Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(6), 537–558. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00069-8
• Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J. ve Connell, J. (2008). Effectivesss of cognitivebehavioural, person-centered, and psychodynamic therapies in UK primary care routinepractice, Replicationwith a larger sample. PsychologicalMedicine, 38, 677−688. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001511
• Storch, E. A., Wu, M. S., Small, B. J., Crawford, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Horng, B. ve Murphy, T. K. (2014). Mediators and moderators of functional impairment in adults with obsessive– compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 489–496. Doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.014
• Svaldi, J., Grie enstroh, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B. ve Ehring, T. (2012). Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders, A marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology? Psychiatry Research, 197(1-2):103-11. doi:10.1016/ j.psychres.2011.11.009.
• Swets, M., Dekker, J., van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., Smid, G.E., Smit, F., de Haan, L., Schoevers, R.A. (2014). The obsessive compulsive spectrum in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis and meta-regression exploring prevalence rates. Schizophrenia Research 152, 458–468. Doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.033
• Şahin, A.E. (2001) Eğitim araştırmalarında Delphi tekniği ve kullanımı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(20).
• Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., Woody, S. ve McLean, P. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity and depression, How are they related. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.474
• Thomas, J., Knowles, R., Tai, S. ve Bentall, R. P. (2007). Response styles to depressed mood in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.017
• Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E. ve Spence, J. (2010). Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety disorders, A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 890–899. Doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014
• Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P. ve Maltby, N. (2006). Are “obsessive” beliefs specific to OCD?, A comparison across anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.007
• Torres A.R. (2016). The road to improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet Psychiatry 3, 695–697 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30118-3
• Torres A.R., Fontenelle LF, Shavitt RG, Ferrão YA, do Rosário MC, Storch EA, Miguel EC (2016). Comorbidity variation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to symptom dimensions, results from a large multicentre clinical sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 190, 508–516. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.051
• Tulbure, B. T., Rusu, A., Sava, F. A., Sălăgean, N., Farchione, T. J. (2018). A web-based transdiagnostic intervention for affective and mood disorders, Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 5(2), e36. Doi: 10.2196/mental.8901
• Tull, M. T. ve Gratz, K. L. (2008). Further examination of the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and depression, The mediating role of experiential avoidance and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed. Anxiety Disorders, 22, 199–210 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.005
• Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S. ve Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder, A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1651-1
• Ulaş, H., Taşlıca, S., Alptekin, K.. (2008). Şizofrenide Nörofizyolojik ve Nörokognitif Genetik Belirleyicilerin (Endofenotip) Yeri. J Clin Psy. 11(4), 12-19
• Valleni- Basile ,L.A., Garrison, C.Z. , Jackson, K.L., Waller, J.L., McKeown, R.E., Addy, C.L., Cuffe, S.P. (1994). Frequency of obsessive- compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 33 (6), 782 – 791 . Doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00002
• Valleni-Basile LA, Garrison CZ, Jackson KL, Waller JL, McKeown RE, Addy CL, Cuffe SP
• Wahl, K., Ehring, T., Kley, H., Lieb, R., Meyer, A., Kordon, A.,...Schönfeld, S. (2019). Is repetitive negative thinking a transdiagnosticprocess? A comparison of key processes of RNT in depression, gener-alized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and communitycontrols. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64,45–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.006
• Weinberg, A., Dieterich, R. ve Riesel, A. (2015a) Error-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: a review of the literature. International Journal of Psychophysiology 98, 276–299
• Weinberg, A., Kotov, R. ve Proudfit, G.H. (2015b) Neural indicators of error processing in generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 172–185
• Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino, G.J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.G., Lee, C.K., … Wickramaratne, P.J. (1998). Crossnational epidemiology of obsessive- compulsive disorder . CNS Spectrums . 3, 6–9 . DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1092852900007136
• Wheaton, M. G., Mahaffey, B., Timpano, K. R., Berman, N. C. ve Abramowitz, J. S. (2012). The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 891–896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.01.001
• Widiger, T. A. ve Clark, L. A. (2000). Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 946–963. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.946
• Zavos, H. M. S., Rijsdijk, F. V. ve Eley, T. C. (2012). A longitudinal, genetically informative, study of associations between anxiety sensitivity, anxiety and depression. Behavior Genetics, 42, 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-012-9535-0