Dil Biliş İlişkileri ve Dilin Evrimi Üzerine

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 333 - 347, 30.06.2023

Fatma Ebru Köse

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1130222

Abstract

Dilin önemi bellek, düşünme gibi zihinsel aktivitelerimizle olan ilişkisi çerçevesinde anlaşılabilir. İnsanın en önemli yetisi olan dil, uzun süredir çeşitli kuramcı ve filozofların ilgisini çekmiştir. Dil doğası gereği biyolojik, kültürel, psikolojik birçok faktörle etkileşir. Bu yazıda dil bilimi, psikoloji, antropoloji, biyoloji ve sinir bilimi gibi disiplinlerden gelen görüşler bir araya getirilerek genel bir çerçeve çizilmiştir. Bir yandan dil ile ilgili kuramsal görüşlere yer verilirken diğer yandan da evrim sürecinde ortak atamızdan ayrılarak geçirdiğimiz değişimler bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Dil ele alınırken en çok hayvanlarla olan farklılıklarımızdan, dilin bilişsel süreçlerimizle olan etkileşiminden ve beyindeki organizasyonundan bahsetmek mümkündür. Platon ve Descartes gibi filozofların dil ve bilişler arasındaki ilişki hakkında ortaya koyduğu görüşler, Chomsky, Pinker, Dunbar ve diğerlerinin dilin evrimi ile ilgili görüşleriyle genişlemiştir. Bu makalede, modern evrimsel biyolojinin ve bilişsel psikolojinin verileri bir araya getirilerek dili ve dilin bilişlerle olan ilişkisini anlama çabasında olan evrimsel psikolojiye vurgu yapılmıştır. Dilin doğuştan getirilen şemalar sayesinde hızlı bir şekilde ve öğrenme yaşantılarına yoğun bir ihtiyaç duyulmadan edinilmesi, bu şemaların evrimsel süreçte oluştuğu fikrini akla getirir. Bir diğer bakış açısına göre doğuştancılık yerine çevrenin ve kültürün etkisi önem kazanır. Ek olarak, dilin evrimi hakkındaki farklı görüşler kısaca ele alınmıştır. Tartışma konuları daha çok dilin evrimsel süreçteki gelişimini tetikleyen durumları içerir. Bunlar, biyolojik ve kültürel etkiler ile vokalizasyon ve el hareketlerinin dili etkilemesi ile ilgilidir. Dil ve evrimi hakkında düşünürken, bilişsel süreçlerle düşünceyi gözlemleyip incelemek kaçınılmazdır. Multidisipliner çalışmalar, dil ve bilişin karmaşık ilişkisini anlamaya çalışırken dilin evrimi hakkında da önemli bilgiler sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Dil, biliş, evrim, evrimsel psikoloji

On Language Cognition Relations and Evolution of Language

Abstract

One can understand the importance of language with its relation to mental activities such as memory and thinking. Language, a crucial human ability, has long attracted the attention of various theorists and philosophers. Language, by its nature, interacts with many biological, cultural and psychological factors. This article has drawn a general framework by bringing together the views from disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience. On the one hand, while the theoretical opinions about language are included, on the other hand, language is discussed in the context of the changes we went through by separating from our common ancestor in the evolution process. When dealing with language, it is possible to talk about our differences from animals, the interaction of language with our cognitive processes and its organization in the brain. The views put forward by philosophers such as Plato and Descartes about the relationship between language and cognitions have expanded by Chomsky, Pinker, Dunbar and others on the evolution of language. In this article, evolutionary psychology, which strives to understand language and its relationship with cognitions, is emphasized by combining the data of modern evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology. Language is acquired quickly and without the intense need for learning experiences, thanks to innate schemas, suggests that evolution formed these schemas. According to another view, the influence of the environment and culture gains importance instead of innatism. In addition, different opinions on the evolution of language are briefly discussed. Discussion topics include triggers of language development in evolution. These are related to biological and cultural influences, influences of vocalization and hand gestures on language. When thinking about language and its evolution, it is inevitable to observe and examine cognitive processes and thought. Multidisciplinary studies can also provide important information about the evolution of language while trying to understand the complex relationship between language and cognition.

Keywords

Language, cognition, evolution, evolutionary psychology

References

• Altınörs SA (2010) Düşünce ile dil arasındaki ilişkiye Descartes’ın yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28:389-401.
• Anderson SR (2012) The role of evolution in shaping the human language faculty. In The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (Eds M Tallerman, KR Gibson):361-369. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Ando C (1994) Augustine on language. Revue d'Etudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques, 40:45-78.
• Aydın Ö, Salman RC (2021) Üretici dilbilim çerçevesinden dilin evrimi: eleştirel bir değerlendirme. Madde, Diyalektik ve Toplum, 4:66-76.
• Baddeley A (2003) Working memory and language: An overview. J Commun Disord, 36:189-208.
• Binkofski F, Buccino G (2004) Motor functions of the Broca’s region. Brain Lang, 89:362-369.
• Bloom P, Keil FC (2001) Thinking through language. Mind Lang, 16:351-367.
• Brown RW, Lenneberg EH (1954) A study in language and cognition. J Abnorm Soc Psycholo, 49:454-462.
• Buss DM (2005) Introduction: The emergence of evolutionary psychology. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. (Ed DM Buss):xxiii-xxv. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Carlson N (2011). Davranışın Nörolojik Temelleri: Fizyolojik Psikoloji, 8th ed. (Çeviri Ed. M Şahin), Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Carston R (1995) Language of thought. In Concise Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Of Language. (Ed PV Lamarque):68-70. Exeter, Pergamon.
• Chomsky N (1988) Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures (Ed. SJ Keyser) Cambridge, MA, London MIT Press.
• Chomsky N (2001) Dil ve Zihin (Çev. A Kocaman). Ankara, Ayraç Yayınevi.
• Chomsky N (2002) On Nature and Language (Eds. A Belletti, L Rizzi). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Chomsky N (2003) For Reasons of State. London, Penguin Books.
• Chomsky N (2008) The Essential Chomsky (Ed. A Arnove). New York, The New Press.
• Chomsky N (2014) Dilin Mimarisi (Çev. İK Bayırlı). İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
• Chomsky N (2015) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 50th ed. Massachusetts, MIT press.
• Christiansen MH, Kirby S (2003) Language evolution: consensus and controversies. Trends Cogn Sci, 7:300-307.
• Cottingham J (1995) Descartes, René. In Concise Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Of Language (Ed PV Lamarque):480. Exeter, Pergamon.
• Custance DM (1995) Social learning and imitation in human and nonhuman primates (Doktora tezi). St. Andrews, University of St. Andrews.
• Darwin C (2005) Türlerin Kökeni, 6th ed. (Çev. S Belli). Ankara, Onur Yayınları.
• Demirsoy A (2011a) Yaşamın Temel Kuralları, 22nd ed. Meteksan A.Ş.
• Demirsoy A (Aralık 2011b) İnsanın evrimi. Ders notu, Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Dunbar RIM (1993) Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behav Brain Sci, 16:681-735.
• Dunbar RIM (1996) Grooming, Gossip and The Evolution of Language. London, Faber and Faber.
• Dunbar RIM (1998) The social brain hypothesis. Evol Anthropol, 6:178-190.
• Dunbar RIM (2003) The social brain: mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective. Annu Rev Anthropol, 32:163-181.
• Ergenç İ (2000) Dilin beyindeki organizasyonu ve konuşmanın gerçekleşmesi. In Multidisipliner Yaklaşımla Beyin ve Kognisyon. (Eds S Karakaş, H Aydın, C Erdemir Ç Özemsi):113-126. Ankara, Çizgi Tıp Yayınevi.
• Evans D, Zarate O (2004). Evrimsel Psikolojiye Giriş, 1st ed. (Çev. H Çetinkaya). Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
• Evans V (2014) The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not An Instinct. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Fitch WT (2010) The Evolution of Language. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Fodor JA (1980) Methodological solipsism is considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behav Brain Sci, 3:63-109.
• Fodor JA (2008) The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. In Reasoning Studies of Human Inference and Its Foundations (Eds JE Adler, LJ Rips):878-914. Massachusetts, MIT Press.
• Gardner H (1985) The Mind's New Science. New York, Basic Books.
• Gil-da-Costa R, Martin A, Lopes MA, Munoz M, Fritz JB, Braun AR (2006) Species-specific calls activate homologs of Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the macaque. Nat Neurosci, 9:1064-1070.
• Givon T (2002) The visual information-processing system as an evolutionary precursor of human language. In The Evolution of Language Out of Pre-Language (Eds T Givon ve BF Malle):3-50. Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Gould SJ, Vrba ES (1982) Exaptation—a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8:4-15.
• Guess D, Sailor W, Rutherford G, Baer DM (1968) An experimental analysis of linguistic development: The productive use of the plural morpheme. J Appl Behav Anal, 4:297-306.
• Gunderson K (1964) Descartes, La Mettrie, language, and machines. Philosophy, 39:193-222.
• Hauser MD, Chomsky N, Fitch WT (2002) The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298:1569-1579.
• Hauser MD, Yang C, Berwick RC, Tattersall I, Ryan MJ, Watumull J, et al. (2014) The mystery of language evolution. Front Psychol, 5:401.
• Heyes CM (1998) Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav Brain Sci, 21:101-114.
• Holloway RL, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Rilling JK (2009) Evolution of the brain in humans–Paleoneurology. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. (Eds MD Binder, N Hirokawa, U Windhorst):1326-1334. Berlin, Springer.
• Householder FW (1995) Aristotle and the Stoics. In Concise Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Of Language (Ed PV Lamarque):475-480. Exeter, Pergamon.
• Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (2017). New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature, 546:289-292.
• Jürgens U (2002) Neural pathways underlying vocal control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 26:235-258.
• Kerimoğlu C (2016) Dilin kökeni arayışları 1: Dilin kökeniyle ilgili akademik tartışmalar. Dil Araştırmaları, 10:47-84.
• Kerimoğlu C (2019) Dilin kökeni arayışları 4: Neandertallerin dili var mıydı?. Dil Araştırmaları, 13:7-53.
• Kerimoğlu C (2021) Chomsky’nin problemi: dilin evrimi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6:598-614.
• Kerimoğlu C (2022) Dilin kökeni arayışları 5: Beyin ve dil. Dil Araştırmaları, 16:21-37.
• Kottak CP (2002) Antropoloji: İnsan Çeşitliliğine Bir Bakış (Çev. SN Altuntek). Ankara, Ütopya Yayınevi.
• Lenneberg EH (1969) On explaining language. Science, 164:635-643.
• Lenneberg EH (2019) A biological perspective of language. In Readings in Modern Linguistics: An Anthology (Ed. B Malmberg):344-358. Stockholm, De Gruyter Mouton.
• Liberman AM, Mattingly IG (1985) The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition, 21:1-36.
• Lieberman P (1984) The Biology and Evolution of Language. Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
• Lieberman P, Crelin ES (1971) On the speech of Neanderthal man. Linguistic Inquiry, 2:203-222.
• Logie RH, Venneri A, Della Sala S, Redpath TW, Marshall I (2003) Brain activation and the phonological loop: The impact of rehearsal. Brain Cogn, 53:293-296.
• Lowe EJ (1995) Language, metaphysics, and ontology. In Concise Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Of Language (Ed PV Lamarque):11-12. Exeter, Pergamon.
• Macneilage PF, Davis BL (2005). The evolution of language. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (Ed D Buss):698-723. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons.
• MacWhinney B (2002) The gradual emergence of language. In The Evolution of Language Out of Pre-Language (Eds T Givon, BF Malle):231-263. Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Mandler G (2007) A History of Modern Experimental Psychology. Massachusetts, MIT Press.
• Miller G (1962) Some psychological studies of grammar. Am Psychol, 17:748-762.
• Miller P (2008) Gelişim Psikolojisi Kuramları (Çev. Z Gültekin). Ankara, İmge Kitabevi.
• Nehring A (1945) Plato and the theory of language. Tradition, 3:13-48.
• Nerlich B, Clarke DD (2007). Cognitive linguistics and the history of linguistics. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (Eds D Geeraerts, H Cuyckens):589-607. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Newmeyer FJ (1995). Noam Chomsky In Concise Encyclopedia Of Philosophy of Language (Ed PV Lamarque):507-512. Exeter, Pergamon.
• Özbek M (2007) Dünden Bugüne İnsan, 2nd ed. Ankara, İmge Kitabevi.
• Pederson E (2007). Cognitive linguistics and linguistic relativity. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (Eds D Geeraerts, H Cuyckens):1012-1044. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Peterson B (2009) Dilin evrimi. Bilim ve Teknik, 207:56-61.
• Petrides M, Cadoret G, Mackey S (2005) Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area. Nature, 435:1235-1238.
• Pinker S (1995) The Language Instinct: The New Science of Language and Mind. Penguin UK.
• Pinker S, Bloom P (1992) Natural language and natural selection. In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and The Generation of Culture (Eds JH Barkow, L Cosmides, J Tooby):451-493. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Pinker S, Jackendoff R (2005) The faculty of language: What’s special about it? Cognition, 95:201-236.
• Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cogn Brain Res, 3:131-141.
• Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese, V (2000) Cortical mechanisms subserving object grasping and action recognition: A new view of cortical motor functions. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences (Ed MS Gazzaniga):539-552. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L, Gallese V (2001) Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2:661-670.
• Ross GM (1988) Hobbes and Descartes on the relation between language and consciousness. Synthese, 75:217-229.
• Segalowitz N, Trofimovich P (2013) Second language processing. In The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. (Eds SM Gass, A Mackey):197-210. New York, Routledge.
• Sinha C (2007) Cognitive linguistics, psychology and cognitive science. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. (Eds D Geeraerts, H Cuyckens):1266-1294. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Solso RL, Maclin MK, Maclin OH (2007) Bilişsel Psikoloji (Çev. A Ayçiçeği-Dinn). İstanbul, Kitabevi.
• Spocter MA, Hopkins WD, Garrison AR, Bauernfeind AL, Stimpson CD, Hof PR, et al. (2010) Wernicke's area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and its relation to the appearance of modern human language. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 277:2165-2174.
• Stringer C, Galway-Witham J (2017) On the origin of our species. Nature, 546:212-214.
• Tallerman M, Gibson KR (2012) Introduction: the evolution of language. In The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution (Eds M Tallerman, KR Gibson):1-35. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Thomas A (2003) Augustine and signs (Yüksek lisans tezi). Durham, Durham University.
• Tomasello M (2007) Cognitive linguistics and first language acquisition. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (Eds D Geeraerts, H Cuyckens):1092-1112. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Tooby J, Cosmides L (2005) Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology. In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (Ed DM Buss):xxiii-xxv. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons.
• Whorf BL (2012) Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, 2nd ed. (Eds JB Carroll, SC Levinson, P Lee). New York, John Wiley.
• Zola-Morgan S (1995) Localization of brain function: The legacy of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). Annu Rev Neurosci, 18:359-383.