Research Article
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Development of the Animal Empathy Scale Short Form

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 177 - 191, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1282134

Abstract

This study aimed to develop the short form of the Animal Empathy Scale (AES-SF). To this end, the study first conducted the Turkish validity and reliability analyses of the long scale and the selection of the items for the short form. The construct validity of the eight-item short form of the scale was then tested in a separate sample. The construct validity of the scales was examined in the first sample using principal component analysis and in the second sample using confirmatory factor analysis. In both studies, the convergent validity of the scales was tested with related psychological traits. McDonald’s omega and item-total test correlation coefficients were used to assess the reliability of the scales. Test-retest reliability was also examined for the short form of the scale. The long form of the scale showed a two-factor structure, as did the original scale. The analyses indicated that the long scale was valid and reliable for Turkish culture. The confirmatory factor analysis results of the AES-SF supported the two-factor structure. Convergent validity analyses showed that the relationships were significant and in the expected direction. The correlation coefficients between the scores on the short and long forms of the scale are also high. Reliability scores also indicated that the short form provided accurate and stable measures. Furthermore, the validity and reliability coefficients of the short and long forms are close. According to these results, the AES-SF can be used as an alternative to the long form of the scale.

References

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  • Apostol L, Rebega OL, Miclea M (2013) Psychological and sociodemographic predictors of attitudes toward animals. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 78:521-525.
  • Aydemir E, Kaysi F (2020) Development of short forms of scales with decision tree algorithms. Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8:285-290.
  • Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S (2004) The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord, 34:163-175.
  • Bekoff M (2020) Hayvanların Duygusal Dünyası: Hayvanlar Nasıl Empati Kurar, Neden Dedikodu Yapar ve Şakalaşırlar? (Çeviri A Taçyıldız İpekçioğlu). İstanbul, Beyaz Baykuş.
  • Berenguer J (2007) The effect of empathy in pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Environ Behav, 39:269-283.
  • Brown KW, Ryan RM (2003) The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84:822-848.
  • Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Testing Structural Equation Models, (Eds K Bollen, JS Long):136-162. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş (2004) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum, 4. Baskı. Ankara, Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Calderón-Amor J, Luna-Fernández D, Tadich T (2017) Study of the levels of human-human and human-animal empathy in veterinary medical students from Chile. J Vet Med Educ, 44:179-186.
  • Camilleri L, Gill PR, Jago A (2020) The role of moral disengagement and animal empathy in the meat paradox. Pers Individ Diff, 164:110103.
  • Cardoso SD, Faraco CB, de Sousa L, Pereira GDG (2022) Empathy with humans and with non-human animals: Are there differences between individuals who have adopted and those who have relinquished a pet? J Vet Behav, 49:46-52.
  • Carpenter S (2018) Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Commun Methods Meas, 12:25-44.
  • Caruso DR, Mayer JD (1998) A measure of emotional empathy for ado-lescents and adults. Res Instit Centres Programs, 1(1):713‐726.
  • Caviola L, Everett JAC, Faber NS (2019) The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 116:1011-1029.
  • Cohen D, Strayer J (1996) Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Dev Psychol, 32:988-998.
  • Colombo ES, Pelosi A, Prato-Previde E (2016) Empathy towards animals and belief in animal-human-continuity in Italian veterinary students. Anim Welf, 25:275-286.
  • Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş (2012) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
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  • de Wied M, van Boxtel A, Matthys W, Meeus W (2012) Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 40:211-223.
  • de Wied M, Meeus W, van Boxtel A (2021) Disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits in adolescents: Empathy-related responses to witnessing animal distress. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 43:869-881.
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  • Eroğlu A (2010) Çok değişkenli istatistik tekniklerinin varsayımları. In SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, (Ed Ş Kalaycı):207-233. Ankara, Asil Yayın.
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  • Figueredo AJ, Steklis NG, Peñaherrera-Aguirre M, Fernandes HBF, de TC, Salmon C et al. (2022) The influence of individual differences and local ecological conditions on emotional empathy, cognitive empathy, and harm avoidance towards nonhuman animals. Human–Animal Interactions, 2022: doi: 10.1079/hai.2022.002.
  • Filippi M, Riccitelli G, Falini A, Di Salle F, Vuilleumier P, Comi G, Rocca MA (2010) The brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. PloS One, 5:e10847.
  • Franklin Jr RG, Nelson AJ, Baker M, Beeney JE, Vescio TK, Lenz-Watson A, Adams Jr RB (2013) Neural responses to perceiving suffering in humans and animals. Soc Neurosci, 8:217-227.
  • Giacomin M, Johnston EE, Legge EL (2023) Exploring narcissism and human-and animal-centered empathy in pet owners. Front Psychol, 14:1087049.
  • Gómez-Leal R, Costa A, Megías-Robles A, Fernández-Berrocal P, Faria L (2021) Relationship between emotional intelligence and empathy towards humans and animals. PeerJ, 9:e11274.
  • Gradidge S, Zawisza M, Harvey AJ, McDermott DT (2022) Farmyard animal or best friend? Exploring predictors of dog vs. pig pet speciesism. People Anim, 5:11.
  • Gül Ş, Özay Köse E (2019) Adaptation of attitude scale towards the treatment of animals to Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Erciyes Üniv Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16:77-85.
  • Hall JA, Schwartz R (2019) Empathy present and future. J Soc Psychol, 159:225-243.
  • Herzog H, Grayson S, McCord D (2015) Brief measures of the animal attitude scale. Anthrozoös, 28:145-152.
  • Hills AM (1993) The motivational bases of attitudes toward animals. Soc Anim, 1:111-128.
  • Hills AM (1995) Empathy and belief in the mental experience of animals. Anthrozoös, 8:132-142.
  • Hovardaoğlu S (2007) Davranış Bilimleri İçin Araştırma Teknikleri. Ankara, Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
  • Jolliffe D, Farrington DP (2004) Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggress Violent Behav, 9:441-476.
  • Kacmar KM, Crawford WS, Carlson DS, Ferguson M, Whitten D (2014) A short and valid measure of work-family enrichment. J Occup Health Psychol, 19:32-45.
  • Karasar N (1995) Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, 7. Baskı. Ankara, 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Kasperbauer TJ (2015) Rejecting empathy for animal ethics. Ethic Theory Moral Prac, 18:817-833.
  • Kemper CJ, Trapp S, Kathmann N, Samuel DB, Ziegler M (2019) Short versus long scales in clinical assessment: Exploring the trade-off between resources saved and psychometric quality lost using two measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Assessment, 26:767-782.
  • Kline RB (2016) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th ed. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Koğar H (2020). Kısa form geliştirme: yöntemler, öneriler ve incelemeler. J Meas Eval Educ Psychol, 11:302-310.
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  • La Torre Gómez RS (2017) Adaptación de la Escala de Empatía Animal en estudiantes universitarios de la Provincia del Santa (Doctoral thesis). Chimbote, Perú, Universidad Cesar Vallejo.
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  • Levin J, Arluke A, Irvine L (2017) Are people more disturbed by dog or human suffering? Influence of victim’s species and age. Soc Anim, 25:1-16.
  • Longo Y, Coyne I, Joseph S (2018) Development of the short version of the scales of general well-being: The 14-item SGWB. Pers Individ Dif, 124:31-34.
  • Lucia S, Killias M (2011) Is animal cruelty a marker of interpersonal violence and delinquency? Results of a Swiss National Self-Report study. Psychol Violence, 1:93-105.
  • Mehrabian A, Epstein N (1972) A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers, 40:525-543.
  • Norring M, Wikman I, Hokkanen AH, Kujala MV, Hänninen L (2014) Empathic veterinarians score cattle pain higher. Vet J, 200:186-190.
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Hayvanlara Yönelik Empati Ölçeği Kısa Formunun Geliştirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 177 - 191, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1282134

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Hayvanlara Yönelik Empati Ölçeğinin kısa formunu (HYEÖ-KF) geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada ilk olarak uzun ölçeğin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri ve kısa form için madde seçimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ardından farklı bir örneklemde ölçeğin sekiz maddelik kısa formunun yapısal geçerliği sınanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği, ilk örneklemde temel bileşenler analiziyle, ikinci örneklemde doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile incelenmiştir. Her iki çalışmada, ölçeklerin yakınsak geçerlikleri, ilişkili psikolojik özelliklerle test edilmiştir. Ölçeklerin güvenirlikleri, McDonald omega ve madde-toplam test korelasyon katsayılarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçeğin kısa formu için ayrıca test tekrar test güvenirlik değerine bakılmıştır. Ölçeğin uzun formu, özgün ölçekteki gibi iki faktörlü bir yapıya işaret etmiştir. Diğer analizler de uzun ölçeğin Türk kültürü için geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğunu göstermiştir. HYEÖ-KF’nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, iki bileşenli yapıyı desteklemiştir. Yakınsak geçerlik analizleri, beklendiği yönde anlamlı ilişkilere işaret etmiştir. Ek olarak, kısa ve uzun ölçek formu puanları arasındaki bağıntı katsayıları yüksektir. Güvenirlik değerleri de kısa form ile doğru ve kararlı ölçümler yapılabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kısa ve uzun formun geçerlik ve güvenirlikleri yakın değerlerdedir. Bu sonuçlara göre, HYEÖ-KF, ölçeğin uzun formuna seçenek olarak kullanılabilir.

References

  • Angantyr M, Eklund J, Hansen EM (2011) A comparison of empathy for humans and empathy for animals. Anthrozoös, 24:369-377.
  • Apostol L, Rebega OL, Miclea M (2013) Psychological and sociodemographic predictors of attitudes toward animals. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 78:521-525.
  • Aydemir E, Kaysi F (2020) Development of short forms of scales with decision tree algorithms. Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8:285-290.
  • Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S (2004) The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord, 34:163-175.
  • Bekoff M (2020) Hayvanların Duygusal Dünyası: Hayvanlar Nasıl Empati Kurar, Neden Dedikodu Yapar ve Şakalaşırlar? (Çeviri A Taçyıldız İpekçioğlu). İstanbul, Beyaz Baykuş.
  • Berenguer J (2007) The effect of empathy in pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Environ Behav, 39:269-283.
  • Brown KW, Ryan RM (2003) The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84:822-848.
  • Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Testing Structural Equation Models, (Eds K Bollen, JS Long):136-162. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş (2004) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum, 4. Baskı. Ankara, Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Calderón-Amor J, Luna-Fernández D, Tadich T (2017) Study of the levels of human-human and human-animal empathy in veterinary medical students from Chile. J Vet Med Educ, 44:179-186.
  • Camilleri L, Gill PR, Jago A (2020) The role of moral disengagement and animal empathy in the meat paradox. Pers Individ Diff, 164:110103.
  • Cardoso SD, Faraco CB, de Sousa L, Pereira GDG (2022) Empathy with humans and with non-human animals: Are there differences between individuals who have adopted and those who have relinquished a pet? J Vet Behav, 49:46-52.
  • Carpenter S (2018) Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Commun Methods Meas, 12:25-44.
  • Caruso DR, Mayer JD (1998) A measure of emotional empathy for ado-lescents and adults. Res Instit Centres Programs, 1(1):713‐726.
  • Caviola L, Everett JAC, Faber NS (2019) The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 116:1011-1029.
  • Cohen D, Strayer J (1996) Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Dev Psychol, 32:988-998.
  • Colombo ES, Pelosi A, Prato-Previde E (2016) Empathy towards animals and belief in animal-human-continuity in Italian veterinary students. Anim Welf, 25:275-286.
  • Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş (2012) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
  • Davis MH (1980) A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10:85.
  • de Wied M, van Boxtel A, Matthys W, Meeus W (2012) Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 40:211-223.
  • de Wied M, Meeus W, van Boxtel A (2021) Disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits in adolescents: Empathy-related responses to witnessing animal distress. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 43:869-881.
  • DeVellis RF (2016) Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Edwards AL (1995) Doğrusal Regresyon ve Korelasyona Giriş. (Çeviri S Hovardaoğlu), Ankara Hatipoğlu.
  • Eisenberg N (1988) Empathy and sympathy: A brief review of the concepts and empirical literature. Anthrozoös, 2:15-17.
  • Ellingsen K, Zanella AJ, Bjerkås E, Indrebø A (2010) The relationship between empathy, perception of pain and attitudes toward pets among Norwegian dog owners. Anthrozoös, 23:231-243.
  • Emauz A, Gaspar A, Esteves F, Carvalhosa SF (2016) Adaptação da Escala de Em- patia com Animais (EEA) para a população portuguesa. Anal Psicol, 34:189-201.
  • Engeler A (2005) Psikopati ve antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Erlanger ACE, Tsytsarev SV (2012) The relationship between empathy and personality in undergraduate students’ attitudes toward nonhuman animals. Soc Anim, 20:21-38.
  • Eroğlu A (2010) Çok değişkenli istatistik tekniklerinin varsayımları. In SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, (Ed Ş Kalaycı):207-233. Ankara, Asil Yayın.
  • Field A (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London, Sage Publications.
  • Figueredo AJ, Steklis NG, Peñaherrera-Aguirre M, Fernandes HBF, de TC, Salmon C et al. (2022) The influence of individual differences and local ecological conditions on emotional empathy, cognitive empathy, and harm avoidance towards nonhuman animals. Human–Animal Interactions, 2022: doi: 10.1079/hai.2022.002.
  • Filippi M, Riccitelli G, Falini A, Di Salle F, Vuilleumier P, Comi G, Rocca MA (2010) The brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. PloS One, 5:e10847.
  • Franklin Jr RG, Nelson AJ, Baker M, Beeney JE, Vescio TK, Lenz-Watson A, Adams Jr RB (2013) Neural responses to perceiving suffering in humans and animals. Soc Neurosci, 8:217-227.
  • Giacomin M, Johnston EE, Legge EL (2023) Exploring narcissism and human-and animal-centered empathy in pet owners. Front Psychol, 14:1087049.
  • Gómez-Leal R, Costa A, Megías-Robles A, Fernández-Berrocal P, Faria L (2021) Relationship between emotional intelligence and empathy towards humans and animals. PeerJ, 9:e11274.
  • Gradidge S, Zawisza M, Harvey AJ, McDermott DT (2022) Farmyard animal or best friend? Exploring predictors of dog vs. pig pet speciesism. People Anim, 5:11.
  • Gül Ş, Özay Köse E (2019) Adaptation of attitude scale towards the treatment of animals to Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Erciyes Üniv Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16:77-85.
  • Hall JA, Schwartz R (2019) Empathy present and future. J Soc Psychol, 159:225-243.
  • Herzog H, Grayson S, McCord D (2015) Brief measures of the animal attitude scale. Anthrozoös, 28:145-152.
  • Hills AM (1993) The motivational bases of attitudes toward animals. Soc Anim, 1:111-128.
  • Hills AM (1995) Empathy and belief in the mental experience of animals. Anthrozoös, 8:132-142.
  • Hovardaoğlu S (2007) Davranış Bilimleri İçin Araştırma Teknikleri. Ankara, Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
  • Jolliffe D, Farrington DP (2004) Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggress Violent Behav, 9:441-476.
  • Kacmar KM, Crawford WS, Carlson DS, Ferguson M, Whitten D (2014) A short and valid measure of work-family enrichment. J Occup Health Psychol, 19:32-45.
  • Karasar N (1995) Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, 7. Baskı. Ankara, 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Kasperbauer TJ (2015) Rejecting empathy for animal ethics. Ethic Theory Moral Prac, 18:817-833.
  • Kemper CJ, Trapp S, Kathmann N, Samuel DB, Ziegler M (2019) Short versus long scales in clinical assessment: Exploring the trade-off between resources saved and psychometric quality lost using two measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Assessment, 26:767-782.
  • Kline RB (2016) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th ed. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Koğar H (2020). Kısa form geliştirme: yöntemler, öneriler ve incelemeler. J Meas Eval Educ Psychol, 11:302-310.
  • Krivoshchekov V, Gulevich O, Sorokina A (2021) Russian version of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form: Structure, validity, and measurement invariance. Psychol Men Masc, 22:821-837.
  • La Torre Gómez RS (2017) Adaptación de la Escala de Empatía Animal en estudiantes universitarios de la Provincia del Santa (Doctoral thesis). Chimbote, Perú, Universidad Cesar Vallejo.
  • Levant RF, Hall RJ, Rankin TJ (2013) Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender. J Couns Psychol, 60:228-238.
  • Levin J, Arluke A, Irvine L (2017) Are people more disturbed by dog or human suffering? Influence of victim’s species and age. Soc Anim, 25:1-16.
  • Longo Y, Coyne I, Joseph S (2018) Development of the short version of the scales of general well-being: The 14-item SGWB. Pers Individ Dif, 124:31-34.
  • Lucia S, Killias M (2011) Is animal cruelty a marker of interpersonal violence and delinquency? Results of a Swiss National Self-Report study. Psychol Violence, 1:93-105.
  • Mehrabian A, Epstein N (1972) A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers, 40:525-543.
  • Norring M, Wikman I, Hokkanen AH, Kujala MV, Hänninen L (2014) Empathic veterinarians score cattle pain higher. Vet J, 200:186-190.
  • Nunnally JC (1978) Psychometric Theory. New York, McGraw-Hill.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology, Measurement Equivalence, Testing, Assessment and Psychometrics (Other)
Journal Section Research
Authors

Nur Okutan 0000-0002-0388-7677

Early Pub Date August 30, 2023
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Acceptance Date August 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1

Cite

AMA Okutan N. Development of the Animal Empathy Scale Short Form. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. December 2023;15(Supplement 1):177-191. doi:10.18863/pgy.1282134

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