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Being A Child Born After Loss: A Qualitative Research

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 406 - 419, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1363516

Abstract

The loss of a child is one of the most traumatic experiences a person can go through. Parents who have suffered the loss of a child may bring another child into the world after or before completing the grieving process. Children born after the loss are referred to as subsequent children. The reality of loss and the attitudes of the bereaved parent affect the identity and mental state of the child born after loss. This study used the qualitative research method to understand the life experiences of children born after loss in depth. In line with the determined research method, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with ten participants born after loss. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by thematic analysis. As a result of the thematic analysis, the main themes of "about the lost child", "the effect of being born after loss on life", "being a child born after loss", and "grief" were determined. The main theme "about the lost child" included information about the deceased sibling, objects and photographs, the cause and manner of death, images and fantasies about the sibling, emotions, and contact needs. Under the main theme of "the impact of being born after the loss of life", both the identity and psychological development of individuals, the impact on their career choices and their parents' attitudes were found. Under the main theme, "being a child born after loss", participants talked about being a scapegoat, a comforting child, or a gifted child. In the last main theme, "grief", participants gave information about their parents' grief, their grief, and their experiences of coping with this grief. It has been shown that coming into the world after loss affects individuals' identity, mental state, and choice of profession, and they may face negative parental attitudes. It may be recommended to monitor the grief processes of parents with child loss and to guide the planning of new children.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

References

  • Aho AL, Tarkka M, Åstedt-Kurki P, Kaunonen M (2006) Fathers’ grief after the death of a child. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 27:647-663.
  • Ainslie RC, Solyom AE (1986) The replacement of the fantasied oedipal child: A disruptive effect of sibling loss on the mother-infant relationship. Psychoanal Psychol, 3:257–268.
  • Braun V, Clarke V (2013) Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. London, Sage Publications.
  • Cain AC, Cain BS (1964) On replacing a child. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 3:443-456.
  • LaRossa R (1997) The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Legg C, Sherick I (1976) The replacement child- a developmental tragedy: some preliminary comments. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 7:113-126.
  • Leon I G (1986) Intrapsychic and family dynamics in perinatal sibling loss. Infant Ment Health J, 7:200-213.
  • Lincoln YS, Guba EG (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.
  • Martin T, Doka KJ (2000) Men don’t cry, women do: transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Pennsylvania, Brunner Mazel.
  • Mendelson MJ, Gottlieb LN (1994) Birth order and age differences in early sibling roles. Can J Behav Sci, 26:385-403.
  • Pantke R, Slade P (2010). Remembered parenting style and psychological well-being in young adults whose parents had experienced early child loss. Br J Psychol, 79:69-81.
  • Powell M E (1995) Sudden infant death syndrome: The subsequent child. Br J Soc Work, 25:227-240.
  • Reid M (1992) Joshua- life after death- the replacement child. J Child Psychother, 18:109-138.
  • Reid M (2007). The loss of a baby and the birth of the next infant: The mother’s experience. J Child Psychother, 33:181-201.
  • Sabbadini A (1988) The replacement child. Contemp Psychoanal, 24:528–547.
  • Schwab G (2009) Replacement children: the transgenerational transmission of traumatic loss. Am Imago, 66:277–310.
  • Şahin D (2022) Terapiye Başlarken, 2nd ed. İstanbul, Pihan Yayıncılık.
  • Temizel E, Hocaoğlu Ç (2023) Az bilinen bir konu “ikame çocuk”. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics, 32:71-74.
  • Testoni I, Dorsa M, Iacona E, Scalici G (2020) Necronym: The effects of bearing a dead little sibling’s name. Mortality, 26:343-360.
  • Üstündağ-Budak AM (2021) Individuation for adult replacement children: ways of coming into being. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 39:561-562.
  • Van Parys H, Bonnewyn A, Hooghe A, De Mol J, Rober P (2015) Toward understanding the child's experience in the process of parentification: young adults' reflections on growing up with a depressed parent. J Marital Fam Ther, 41:522–536.
  • Volkan VD, Itzkowitz N (2020) Ölümsüz Atatürk, 3rd ed. Ankara, Pusula Yayınevi.
  • Volkan VD (2014) İkame çocukların psikolojisi ve Atatürk’ün yaratıcılığının temelindeki güdülenme. In Kardeşi Anla(t)mak (Eds N Keskinöz-Bilen):37-52. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Vollmann SR (2014) A legacy of loss: Stories of replacement dynamics and the subsequent child. Omega (Westport), 69:219-247.
  • Zeanah CH (1989) Adaptation following perinatal loss: a critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 28:467-480.

Kayıptan Sonra Doğan Çocuk Olmak: Nitel Bir Araştırma

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1, 406 - 419, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1363516

Abstract

Çocuk kaybı insanın deneyimlenebileceği en ağır travmatik deneyimlerden biridir. Çocuk kaybı yaşayan ebeveynler yas süreçleri tamamladıktan sonra veya tamamlamadan dünyaya yeniden bir çocuk getirebilirler. Kaybın ardından dünyaya gelen çocuklar kayıptan sonraki çocuk olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Kayıp gerçeği ve yaslı ebeveynin tutumları kayıp sonrasında doğan çocuğun kimliğini ve ruhsal durumunu etkilemektedir. Bu araştırmada kayıp sonrasında doğan çocukların yaşam deneyimlerini derinlemesine anlamak üzere nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanıldı. Belirlenen araştırma yöntemi doğrultusunda kayıp sonrasında dünyaya gelen on katılımcı ile yarı-yapılandırılmış bireysel görüşme gerçekleştirildi. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler tematik analiz ile incelendi. Tematik analizin sonucunda “kayıp çocuğa dair”, “kayıptan sonra doğmanın yaşama etkisi”, “kayıp sonrasında doğan çocuk olmak” ve “yas” ana temaları belirlendi. “Kayıp çocuğa dair” ana temasında ölen kardeş ile ilgili bilgiler, eşya ve fotoğraflar, ölüm nedeni ve şeklini öğrenme, kardeş ile ilgili imge ve fanteziler, duygular ve temas ihtiyaçları yer almaktadır. “Kayıptan sonra doğmanın yaşama etkisi” ana teması altında kayıp sonrasında doğmanın bireylerin hem kimlik ve ruhsal gelişimlerine hem de meslek seçimlerine etkisi ve ebeveynlerinin tutumları bulgulandı. “Kayıp sonrasında doğan çocuk olmak” ana temasında bireylerin günah keçisi, teselli çocuk ya da armağan çocuk ile ilgili ifadeleri yer aldı. Son ana tema olan “yas”ta ise, katılımcılar ebeveynlerinin yası, kendi yasları ve bu yas ile baş etme deneyimleri ile ilgili bilgiler verdiler. Kayıp sonrasında dünyaya gelmek bireylerin kimlik, ruhsal durum ve meslek seçimine etki etmekte; bireyleri olumsuz ebeveyn tutumları ile karşı karşıya bırakabilmektedir. Çocuk kaybı olan ebeveynlerin yas süreçlerinin izlenmesi ve yeni çocuk sahibi olma süreçlerine rehberlik edilmesi önerilebilir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın yürütülebilmesi için İstanbul Bilgi üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 02.02.2023 tarih ve 2023-20507-017 proje numarası ile etik kurul izni alındı. Katılımcılardan yazılı ve sözlü onam alındı. Çalışmada Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu’na (2016) uyuldu.

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Araştırmaya katılan gönüllülere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Aho AL, Tarkka M, Åstedt-Kurki P, Kaunonen M (2006) Fathers’ grief after the death of a child. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 27:647-663.
  • Ainslie RC, Solyom AE (1986) The replacement of the fantasied oedipal child: A disruptive effect of sibling loss on the mother-infant relationship. Psychoanal Psychol, 3:257–268.
  • Braun V, Clarke V (2013) Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. London, Sage Publications.
  • Cain AC, Cain BS (1964) On replacing a child. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 3:443-456.
  • LaRossa R (1997) The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Legg C, Sherick I (1976) The replacement child- a developmental tragedy: some preliminary comments. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 7:113-126.
  • Leon I G (1986) Intrapsychic and family dynamics in perinatal sibling loss. Infant Ment Health J, 7:200-213.
  • Lincoln YS, Guba EG (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.
  • Martin T, Doka KJ (2000) Men don’t cry, women do: transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Pennsylvania, Brunner Mazel.
  • Mendelson MJ, Gottlieb LN (1994) Birth order and age differences in early sibling roles. Can J Behav Sci, 26:385-403.
  • Pantke R, Slade P (2010). Remembered parenting style and psychological well-being in young adults whose parents had experienced early child loss. Br J Psychol, 79:69-81.
  • Powell M E (1995) Sudden infant death syndrome: The subsequent child. Br J Soc Work, 25:227-240.
  • Reid M (1992) Joshua- life after death- the replacement child. J Child Psychother, 18:109-138.
  • Reid M (2007). The loss of a baby and the birth of the next infant: The mother’s experience. J Child Psychother, 33:181-201.
  • Sabbadini A (1988) The replacement child. Contemp Psychoanal, 24:528–547.
  • Schwab G (2009) Replacement children: the transgenerational transmission of traumatic loss. Am Imago, 66:277–310.
  • Şahin D (2022) Terapiye Başlarken, 2nd ed. İstanbul, Pihan Yayıncılık.
  • Temizel E, Hocaoğlu Ç (2023) Az bilinen bir konu “ikame çocuk”. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics, 32:71-74.
  • Testoni I, Dorsa M, Iacona E, Scalici G (2020) Necronym: The effects of bearing a dead little sibling’s name. Mortality, 26:343-360.
  • Üstündağ-Budak AM (2021) Individuation for adult replacement children: ways of coming into being. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 39:561-562.
  • Van Parys H, Bonnewyn A, Hooghe A, De Mol J, Rober P (2015) Toward understanding the child's experience in the process of parentification: young adults' reflections on growing up with a depressed parent. J Marital Fam Ther, 41:522–536.
  • Volkan VD, Itzkowitz N (2020) Ölümsüz Atatürk, 3rd ed. Ankara, Pusula Yayınevi.
  • Volkan VD (2014) İkame çocukların psikolojisi ve Atatürk’ün yaratıcılığının temelindeki güdülenme. In Kardeşi Anla(t)mak (Eds N Keskinöz-Bilen):37-52. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Vollmann SR (2014) A legacy of loss: Stories of replacement dynamics and the subsequent child. Omega (Westport), 69:219-247.
  • Zeanah CH (1989) Adaptation following perinatal loss: a critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 28:467-480.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research
Authors

Fazilet Neslişah Boro 0009-0009-0842-8873

Ersin Uygun 0000-0003-3268-119X

Gül Dikeç 0000-0002-7593-4014

Project Number Bulunmamaktadır.
Early Pub Date December 16, 2023
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Acceptance Date November 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: Supplement 1

Cite

AMA Boro FN, Uygun E, Dikeç G. Being A Child Born After Loss: A Qualitative Research. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. December 2023;15(Supplement 1):406-419. doi:10.18863/pgy.1363516

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