Self-Criticism: Conceptualization, Assessment and Interventions

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 107 - 123, 31.03.2025

Zeynep Pekin , Sena Güme

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1455185

Abstract

Self-criticism, considered as a transdiagnostic concept in the emergence of various psychopathologies, is considered as negative evaluations directed towards oneself especially in perceived failure situations. In literature various views regarding self-criticism, suggesting it as a personality trait, a style of relating to oneself, a coping response to various situations, or a safety strategy developed to restrain negative experiences, exist. In this regard, various researchers have conceptualized self-criticism with different dimensions and structures, leading to the development of various measurement tools. Findings obtained from these scales indicate that self-criticism is a risk factor for psychopathology and a factor that affects individuals to experience difficult emotions and their engagement in various challenging behaviors such as perfectionism and emotional eating. For this reason, several interventions aimed at reducing individuals' levels of self-criticism have been conducted in the literature. In this study the scales developed based on different conceptualizations of self-criticism were introduced, the effects of self-criticism on individuals were presented by compiling results of studies in which the relationships between self-criticism and various variables were examined and finally the results of intervention studies based on Cognitive Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and Compassion-Focused Therapy were summarized. It is believed that providing comprehensive theoretical and empirical knowledge related to self-criticism will contribute to future studies in the field.

Keywords

self-criticism, self-criticism interventions, cognitive therapy, emotion focused therapy, compassion focused therapy

Öz Eleştiri: Kavramsallaştırması, Ölçülmesi ve Müdahaleleri

Abstract

Çeşitli psikopatolojilerin ortaya çıkmasında tanılarüstü bir kavram olarak kabul edilen öz eleştiri, alan yazında kişinin kendisini başarısız olarak algıladığı durumlarda kendisine yönelttiği olumsuz değerlendirmeler olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda öz eleştirinin, bir kişilik özelliği, kişinin kendisiyle kurduğu bir ilişki tarzı, çeşitli durumlara verdiği bir tepki stili ya da olumsuz deneyimleri engellemek için geliştirilmiş bir güvenlik stratejisi olduğuna dair çeşitli görüşler yer almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda farklı araştırmacılar tarafından farklı boyutlar ve yapılarla kavramsallaştırılması yapılarak çeşitli ölçme araçları geliştirilmiştir. İlgili ölçeklerden elde edilen bulgular, öz eleştirinin psikopatoloji için bir risk faktörü olduğunu, bireylerin baş etmesi güç duygular deneyimlemelerinde ve mükemmeliyetçilik, duygusal yeme gibi çeşitli baş etmesi zor davranışlar sergilemelerinde etkili olan bir faktör olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle literatürde bireylerin öz eleştiri düzeylerini azaltmaya yönelik çeşitli müdahale çalışmalarının gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada öz eleştiri kavramının farklı kavramsallaştırmaları ele alınarak geliştirilen ölçekler tanıtılmış, öz eleştirinin çeşitli değişkenlerle ilişkilerinin incelendiği çalışmalar derlenerek birey üzerindeki etkileri sunulmuş ve son olarak Bilişsel Terapi, Duygu Odaklı Terapi ve Şefkat Odaklı Terapi temelinde yürütülen müdahale çalışmalarının sonuçları özetlenmiştir. Böylece gelecekte yürütülecek öz eleştiri çalışmaları için kapsamlı teorik ve ampirik bilgi sunularak alan yazına katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

öz eleştiri, öz eleştiri müdahaleleri, bilişsel terapi, duygu odaklı terapi, şefkat odaklı terapi

Ethical Statement

söz konusu değildir

Supporting Institution

yoktur

Thanks

-

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