Teos Mermer Ocakları ve Lucullus Mermeri

Year 2017, Volume: 3, 1 - 43, 31.12.2017

Mustafa Adak , Musa Kadıoğlu

Abstract

Teos kentinin yakın çevresinde yer alan taş ocaklarında
gri-mavimtırak (bigio) mermerin yanı sıra Roma’da inşaat ve dekorasyon
malzemesi olarak rağbet gören, günümüzde Africano adı altında bilinen renkli
mermer çıkarılmıştır. Bu mermerin İmparatorluğun başkentinde yoğun talep
görmesi üzerine Teos mermer ocakları olasılıkla Augustus Dönemi’nde imparatorun
himayesine girmiştir. Yaşlı Plinius (nat. hist. 36, 49–50) bu koyu renkli
mermerin ilkin komutan Lucius Licinius Lucullus tarafından Roma’ya ithal
edildiğini ve «Lucullus Mermeri» adını aldığını aktarmıştır. Ancak, el
yazmalarında mermerin geliş yerinin belirtildiği kısım bozuk aktarıldığı için,
mermerin hangi bölgede çıkarıldığı ve de Africano mermeri ile özdeş olup
olmadığı hususu günümüze kadar belirsiz kalmıştır. Son yıllarda sürdürülen Teos
araştırmalarında ele geçen bir epigrafik belge bu belirsizliği artık tamamen
ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Bu belgede Lucullus Mermeri ocaklarından sorumlu
İmparator azatlısı Communis’in Venus Pontia’ya bir adak sunduğu
belirtilmektedir. Kendisini resmi unvanıyla «a lapicidinis Luculleis» olarak
tanıtan azatlı, deniz yolculuğundan sorumlu olan tanrıçanın heykelini
onartmıştır.

Lucullus Mermeri Teos kentinin egemenlik
sahasında tespit edilen beş farklı taş ocağında çıkarılmıştır. Bu ocakların
üretim kapasitesi İmparator adına Frigya, Numidya, Euböa ve diğer bölgelerde
işletilen mer­mer ocaklarınınkiyle kıyaslandığında çok daha düşüktür. Bunun
yanında renkli Teos mermeri aynı ocaklarda gri mermer ile karışık halde
bulunduğu için az miktarlarda çıkarılmıştır. Lucullus Mermer rezervi İ.S. 2.
yüzyılda giderek azaldığından üretim Marcus Aurelius Dönemi’nde
sonlandırılmıştır. Teos ocaklarında merkezi mermer üretiminin 166 yılı
civarında sonlandırıldığına dair Karagöl ve Kesikkaya ocaklarında terkedilmiş
bloklar üzerinde yer alan konsül isimleri önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. 

Lucullus Mermeri’nin İmparatorluğun
başkentinde büyük talep görmesi nedeniyle ocaklarda üretilen mermerin neredeyse
tümü İtalya’ya nakledilmiş ve büyük oranda kamu binalarında kullanılmıştır.
Ancak, Doğu eyalet kentleri de bu kıymetli mermerden tamamen mahrum
edilmemiştir. Teos’ta Bouleuterion’da sürdürülen kazılarda bu kamu binasının
orkestrasında Lucullus Mermeri’nin döşeme malzemesi olarak kullanıldığı tespit
edilmiştir. Sığacık’ta kuzey surda devşirme olarak kullanılan ve şimdiye kadar
eksik okunan bir yazıtta, Teos’ta strategos olarak kamu görevi ifa eden
Kleonaios’un resmi bir yapının zemin döşemesini renkli mermerle süsledikten
sonra bu eseri adı yazıtta kazınarak silinmiş olan bir imparatora (Domitianus?),
kentin baştanrısı Dionysos’a ve de Teos halkına adadığı belirtilmiştir.

Makalenin ikinci kısmında Roma Dönemi’nde
işletilen Taşdibi, Karagöl, Kesikkaya, Beyler ve Küçükkaya taş ocaklarının
arkeolojik özellikleri tanıtılmış ve bu ocakların Roma’daki merkezi yönetim
tarafından nasıl organize edildiğine dair cevaplar aranmıştır. Kentte ele geçen
bazı Latince mezar yazıtları taş ocaklarında çalışan İmparator köleleriyle
ilişkilendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Teos, Africano, marmor Luculleum, a lapicidinis Luculleis, Venus Pontia, Taşdibi, Karagöl, Kesik-kaya, Beyler, Küçükkaya

Die Steinbrüche von Teos und «Marmor Luculleum»

Abstract

Apart from grey-bluish marble (bigio),
coloured marble (africano), which was highly valued as building and decoration
material by the Romans, was obtained from the quarries of Teos. Owing to the
great demand for Teian coloured marble in Rome, the quarries are likely to have
come under imperial control as early as under Augustus. Since the pertinent
passage by Pliny (nat. hist. 36, 49–50) is corrupted, the question as to
whether the «marmor Luculleum», introduced into Rome by and named after the
general Lucius Licinius Lucullus, actually stemmed from the quarries at Teos
and can be identified with the so-called Africano marble has hitherto remained
moot. A newly found inscription from Teos finally answers it in favour of this
Ionian city. Said inscription is a dedication to Venus Pontia by the imperial
freedman Communis, who mentions «a lapicidinis Luculleis» as his official
title. In this capacity he probably supervised work in the quarries of Teos.

The extraction of coloured marble was
apparently limited to five archaeologically verified quarries in the hinterland
of Teos. Compared with other imperial quarries, those at Teos were rather
small-scale sites. In addition, the quantity of this sought-after coloured
marble extracted from these quarries was not very high, as this marble was
found in close association with grey marble. The quantity of grey marble
extracted there appears to have been several times higher. In the 2nd century
AD the quantity of coloured marble being extracted was in rapid decline, and by
166 AD this type of marble seems to have been used up completely. Consequently,
the quarries were closed, which is confirmed by the archaeological evidence as
well as by dated inscriptions found on marble blocks left behind in the
quarries of Karagöl and Kesikkaya. Today, traces of coloured marble can be
found only in the rubble from extraction at said quarries, whereas the
extraction walls themselves consist of grey marble.

The great demand in the capital for coloured
marble from Teos resulted in most of the quarried material being to be shipped
to Rome and Italy. However, cities in Asia Minor do not appear to have been
entirely excluded from access to the Africano. In Teos itself small vestiges of
the Africano from the bouleuterion prove that this marble was used as cladding
material. The revision of a hitherto unsatisfactorily edited dedicatory
inscription (PHI Teos 100) also shows that the strategos Kleonaios had the
floor of a public building laid out with coloured marble. Said floor was
dedicated to an emperor whose name is erased (perhaps Domitian), to the city
god Dionysus and to the demos of Teos.

Keywords

Teos, Africano, marmor Luculleum, a lapicidinis Luculleis, Venus Pontia, Taşdibi, Karagöl, Kesik-kaya, Beyler, Küçükkaya

Die Steinbrüche von Teos und «Marmor Luculleum»

Abstract

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