Research Article

THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Volume: 4 Number: 2 July 28, 2026
EN TR

THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Abstract

Violations of fundamental rights by third parties may lead either to generating of evidence or to gethering. This article addresses the admissibility of such evidence in criminal proceedings. The European model, grounded in the horizontal effect of fundamental rights, tends toward categorical exclusion, whereas the American state action doctrine permits admission as long as the absence of direct governmental involvement. Neither framework adequately reflects the structural features of criminal law or the functional requirements of criminal procedure. This article argues that the problem should instead be approached through the principle of nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans. The decisive question is not who committed the initial violation, nor whether a formal link to state action can be established, but rather the position adopted by the state before and after the violation. Evidence should be excluded only where a failure of the state’s obligations transforms a horizontal violation into a vertical breach of the right to a fair trial. Where the state tacitly approves, tolerates, or fails to meaningfully respond to rights violations, it cannot be permitted to benefit from the evidentiary outcomes of such conduct. This approach reveals that fundamental rights may operate through a diagonal effect in the law of evidence, providing an efficient and structured form of protection beyond the traditional vertical and horizontal paradigms.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Criminal Law

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 28, 2026

Submission Date

May 5, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 4 Number: 2

APA
Boz, B. (2026). THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. Periodicum Iuris, 4(2), 335-365. https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK
AMA
1.Boz B. THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. PI Journal. 2026;4(2):335-365. https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK
Chicago
Boz, Burak. 2026. “THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS”. Periodicum Iuris 4 (2): 335-65. https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK.
EndNote
Boz B (July 1, 2026) THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. Periodicum Iuris 4 2 335–365.
IEEE
[1]B. Boz, “THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS”, PI Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 335–365, July 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK
ISNAD
Boz, Burak. “THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS”. Periodicum Iuris 4/2 (July 1, 2026): 335-365. https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK.
JAMA
1.Boz B. THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. PI Journal. 2026;4:335–365.
MLA
Boz, Burak. “THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS”. Periodicum Iuris, vol. 4, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 335-6, https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK.
Vancouver
1.Burak Boz. THIRD-PARTY VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE GATHERING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS. PI Journal [Internet]. 2026 Jul. 1;4(2):335-6. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA45AJ43XK