Numerical Comparison of Turbulence Models For a Naca 0012 Aerofoil With Gurney Flap
Abstract
This study presents a computational investigation on the aerodynamic behavior of a NACA 0012 aerofoil equipped with a 1.5%c height Gurney flap, utilizing various turbulence models in ANSYS Fluent. Five widely recognized turbulence models—Spalart-Allmaras, Standard k-ε, Realizable k-ε, SST k-ω, and Transition SST—were employed to assess their predictive accuracy under identical flow conditions. The primary objective was to determine the most appropriate model to capture the aerodynamic effects caused by the trailing-edge Gurney flap, particularly in terms of lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift-to-drag ratio. A mesh independence study was conducted to ensure numerical reliability, and the results were interpreted considering prior studies that investigated Gurney flap performance on symmetric airfoils. According to results, it is demonstrated that the Transition SST model provides the highest aerodynamic efficiency from 0° to 4° while k-ε Realizable model gives the best of that after 6o until 12o. Among the models investiagted, the k-ε Realizable model exhibited superior consistency in predicting both lift enhancement and flow separation behavior. The findings reveal that the k-ε Realizable model, which yields the highest lift-to-drag ratio (CL/CD) particularly at an angle of attack of α = 8°, is the most suitable turbulence model for CFD-based aerodynamic optimization studies involving passive flow control devices such as Gurney flaps. In this context, this study provides an important perspective on turbulence model selection for low Reynolds number applications.
Keywords
References
- [1] R. H. Liebeck, “Design of subsonic airfoils for high lift,” Journal of Aircraft, no. 9, vol. 15, pp. 547–561, (1978).
- [2] Y. Zhou, M. M. Alam, H. X. Yang, H. Guo and D. H. Wood, “Fluid forces on a very low Reynolds number airfoil and their prediction,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, no. 1, vol. 32, pp. 329–339, (2011).
- [3] Y. Li, J. Wang and P. Zhang, “Effects of Gurney flaps on a NACA0012 airfoil,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, no. 1, vol. 68, pp. 27–39, (2002).
- [4] M. Y. Iqbal, S. I. A. Shah and A. Hassan, “CFD analysis of NACA-0012 airfoil with various porous Gurney flap geometries,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Aerospace Science & Engineering (ICASE), (2019).
- [5] S. B. Pope, Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press, (2000).
- [6] S. M. Mousavi, J. Aminian, N. Shafiei and A. Dadvand, “Numerical simulation of subsonic turbulent flow over NACA0012 airfoil: Evaluation of turbulence models,” Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, no. 1, vol. 35, pp. 133–155, (2017).
- [7] E. I. Basri, A. A. Basri and K. A. Ahmad, “Computational fluid dynamics analysis in biomimetics applications: A review from aerospace engineering perspective,” Biomimetics, no. 3, vol. 8, (2023).
- [8] F. Z. Wang, I. L. Animasaun, T. Muhammad and S. S. Okoya, “Recent advancements in fluid dynamics: Drag reduction, lift generation, computational fluid dynamics, turbulence modelling, and multiphase flow,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, no. 8, vol. 49, pp. 10237–10249, (2024).
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Fundamental and Theoretical Fluid Dynamics, Turbulent Flows
Journal Section
Research Article
Early Pub Date
January 3, 2026
Publication Date
April 21, 2026
Submission Date
May 15, 2025
Acceptance Date
December 17, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 4