Kil Minerallerinden Alümina Üretimi: Güncel Değerlendirmeler

Abstract

Günümüzde üstün fiziksel ve teknolojik özelliklerinden dolayı çok önemli bir malzeme olan alümina (Al₂O₃) endüstride yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır ve alümina üretiminin neredeyse tamamı hammadde kaynağı olarak boksitin kullanıldığı Bayer prosesi ile karşılanmaya devam etmektedir. Ancak yüksek üretim miktarlarına bağlı olarak Bayer prosesine beslenecek uygun kalitedeki boksit rezervlerinin hızla azalması, alümina üretim maliyetlerindeki artışlar, bazı ülkelerin boksit rezervlerinin sınırlı olması ya da hiç bulunmaması gibi teknik ve ekonomik gerekçelerden dolayı boksit dışı kaynaklardan alümina üretimi konusu hem bilimsel araştırma hem de endüstriyel uygulamalar açısından oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Doğada bol ve yaygın yaygın bir şekilde bulunmaları, nispeten yüksek alüminyum tenörüne sahip olmaları, madencilik yöntemleriyle üretimlerinin kolay ve ucuz olması, diğer kaynaklara göre daha basit hazırlama ve zenginleştirme işlemleri gerektirmeleri gibi nedenlerden dolayı kil mineralleri alümina üretimine en elverişli boksit dışı kaynak olarak görülmektedir.

Killerden alümina üretimi amacıyla geliştirilmiş ve genel kabul görmüş bazı süreçler bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında özellikle “Asit Liç Süreci” daha fazla ön plana çıktığı, bazı üsünlüklerinden dolayı alümina üretiminde daha etkin bir yöntem olarak uygulanabileceği konusunda bir fikir birliği oluştuğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte süreç koşulları ve süreç işlem kademeleri üzerinde birtakım değişikliklere gidildiği, bazı modifikasyonların denendiği güncel çalışmalara rastlanılmaktadır. Killerden alümina üretimi konusunda yapılmış olan çalışmaların ve güncel araştırma bulgularının derlenmesiyle hazırlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, başta alümina endüstrisi ve paydaşları olmak üzere ilgili araştırmacılara bilgi vermek, bu alanda yapılan bilimsel çalışmalara katkı sunmaktır.  

Keywords

• Alümina,kil mineralleri,pirofillit,asidik liçing,mekanik aktivasyon

Alumina Production from Clay Minerals: Current Reviews

Abstract

Alumina (Al₂O₃), which is a very important material due to its superior physical and technological properties, is widely used in industry and almost all of alumina is obtained from Bayer process using bauxite as a raw material. However, some technical and economical handicaps of alumina production with Bayer process (such as limited or non availability of bauxite reserves in some countries, reduction of high grade bauxite deposits, growing alumina demand for industry etc.) require alternative raw material sources and methods to produce alumina. Therefore, investigations on the alumina production from non-bauxite sources is one of the current studies in related literature as well. Clay minerals are considered to be the best available source of non-bauxite raw material for alumina production. Because clay minerals are abundant and common in the earth crust, they have relatively high grade of aluminum, when compared to other sources, clay mining is easier and require simpler preparation and enrichment processes. There are various processes developed to produce alumina from clays, but among them "Acid Leaching Process" has become well-known method that could be practiced as a more effective method in alumina production due to some advantages.  Moreover, it is seen that there is a consensus on Acid Leaching Process. Besides, there are current studies investigating  several technical modifications and improvements on the process steps.The aim of this study prepared by reviewing the studies obtained from literature and current experimental results on production of alümina from clays is to give information particularly to alumina industry and stakeholders and related researchers, and to contribute to scientific studies on this topic.

Keywords

• Alumina,clay minerals,pyrophyllite,acidic leaching,mechanical activation

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