Çeliklerin işlenebilirliği: kimyasal bileşim, mikroyapı, mekanik özellikler ve işlenebilirlik ilişkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 457 - 482, 01.06.2020

Yusuf Özçatalbaş

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.550000

Cited By: 2

Abstract

 “İşlenebilirlik” işlenen
malzemenin bir özelliğidir ve ancak malzemenin nitelikleri değiştirilerek
işlenebilirliği değiştirilebilir. Bu durum ise, malzemenin kimyasal ve fiziksel
özelliklerindeki değişimle sağlanır. Derleme niteliğindeki bu çalışma ile
“İşlenebilirlik” kavramını kapsamlı şekilde açıklamak ve çeliklerin
işlenebilirliğini geliştirmek amaçlı yapılan çalışmaları tartışmak
amaçlanmıştır. İşlenebilirlik değerlendirmelerinde, genel olarak çeliklerin mekanik
özellikleri ve esasen sertlikleri dikkate alınır. Sertliği arttıran esas
element olan karbon miktarı ve ısıl işlemlerle oluşturulan mikroyapılarına
bağlı işlenebilirlik değerlendirilir. Bununla birlikte, mekanik özelliklerde
belirgin bir değişiklik oluşturmaksızın işlenebilirliği artıran S, Pb, Bi ve Te
gibi elementlerin ilavesi, talaşlı işlenebilirliği önemli oranda geliştirir.
İşlenebilirlik değerlendirmesi ise, talaş kaldırma sürecinde oluşan kesme
kuvveti, takım ömrü, yüzey kalitesi ve talaş biçimi dikkate alınarak
derecelendirilir. Kimyasal bileşim ve mikroyapının çeliklerin işlenebilirlik
derecelendirmesine etkisi, malzeme ve metalürji bilimi alanında en çok
çalışılan konulardan biridir. Çeliğin üretim sürecindeki değişkenlerinin
yanında, ısıl işlemlerle oluşturulan mikroyapıya bağlı işlenebilirlik
değerlendirmeleri de önemlidir. Belirtilen işlemlerle sağlanan mikroyapıdaki
fazların heterojen dağılımları, işlenebilirlik değerlendirmelerinde göz ardı
edilmemelidir.  

Keywords

Çelik, Alaşım Elementleri, Isıl İşlemler, Mikroyapı, İşlenebilirlik, otomat çelikleri

Machinability of steels: the relationship between machinability and chemical composition, microstructure and also mechanical properties

Abstract

Machinability is a feature of the material being
processed and can only be changed by changing the properties of the material.
This is achieved by changes in the chemical and physical properties of the
material. The aim of this compilation study is to explain the machinability
concept extensively and to discuss the works done to improve the machinability
of the steels. When evaluating the machinability of steels, their mechanical
properties and especially their hardness are taken into consideration. The
machinability depending on the microstructures formed by heat treatments and
the amount of carbon which is the main element that increases the hardness are
evaluated. However, the addition of S, Pb, Bi and Te etc. elements increase the
machinability without significant changes in the mechanical properties of
steel.  The machinability is graded by
taking into consideration of the cutting force, tool life, surface quality and
chip shape generated during the machining process. The effect of chemical composition
and microstructure on machinability of steels is one of the most investigated
subjects in the field of materials and metallurgical science. In addition to
the variables in the production process of steel, microstructure-based
machinability assessments generated by heat treatments are also important. The
heterogeneous distribution of the phases in the microstructure provided by the
mentioned processes should not be ignored in the machinability assessments.

Keywords

Steel, free cutting steels, alloying element, heat treatment, microstructure, machinability

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