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Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 553 - 563, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.701525

Abstract

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, power generation is significantly affected by partial or complete shading of solar panels. In this study, the effects of shading caused by a transformer building on the performance of a PV array in an on-grid solar power plant were investigated under real operating conditions. The performaces onf the shaded and the unshaded array were regularly observed under the outdoor climatic conditions on clear and sunny days for 12 months. As a result of the evaluation of performance data, the total power loss due to the transformer building was calculated to be 307 kW (0.66%) in the shaded 30 kW-PV array after one-year operation of the power plant. It is obvious that the energy loss caused by the shading effect will reach up to power in MW scale when considered since photovoltaic energy systems have lifetime up to 30 years. This observation underlines the importance of the operational units when designing a PV power plant.

References

  • [1] Ramli, M.Z., Salam, Z. (2019). Performance evaluation of dc power optimizer (DCPO) for photovoltaic (PV) system during partial shading. Renewable Energy, 139:1336-1354.
  • [2] Hachicha, A.A., Al-Sawafta, I., Said, Z. (2019). Impact of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under United Arab Emirates weather conditions. Renewable Energy, 141:287-297.
  • [3] Dolara, A., Lazaroiu, G.C., Leva, S., Manzolini, G. (2013). Experimental investigation of partial shading scenarios on PV (photovoltaic) modules. Energy, 55:466-475.
  • [4] Maftah, A., Maarouft, M. (2019). Experimental evaluation of temperature effect of two different PV Systems Performances under arid climate. Energy Procedia, 157: 701-708.
  • [5] Mert, B.D., Ekinci, F., Demirdelen, T. (2019). Effect of partial shading conditions on off-grid solar PV/Hydrogen production in high solar energy index regions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44:277, 13-25.
  • [6] Winston, D.P., Kumaravel, S., Kumar, B.P., Devakirubakaran, S. (2020). Performance improvement of solar PV array topologies during various partial shading conditions. Solar Energy, 196:228-242.
  • [7] Pendem, S.R., Mikkili, S. (2018). Modeling, simulation and performance analysis of solar PV array configurations (Series, Series–Parallel and Honey-Comb) to extract maximum power under Partial Shading Conditions. Energy Reports, 4:274-287.
  • [8] Ma, M., Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Yun, P., Liu, F. (2019). Rapid diagnosis of hot spot failure of crystalline silicon PV module based on I-V curve. Microelectronics Reliability, 100-101,
  • [9] Guerriero, P., Tricoli, P., Daliento, S. (2019). A bypass circuit for avoiding the hot spot in PV Modules. Solar Energy, 181:430-438.
  • [10] Hanifi, H., Pander, M., Jaeckel, B., Schneider, J., Bakhtiari, A., Maier, W. (2019). A novel electrical approach to protect PV modules under various partial shading situations. Solar Energy, 193:814-819.
  • [11] Krishna, G.S., Moger, T. (2019). Reconfiguration strategies for reducing partial shading effects in photovoltaic arrays: State of the art. Solar Energy, 182:429-452.
  • ,[12] Ryad, A.K., Atallah, A.M., Zekry, A. (2019). Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration under Partial Shading Based on Integer Link Matrix and Harmony Search. European Journal of Electrical Engineering, 21:471-477.
  • [13] Silvestre, S., Boronat, A., Chouder, A. (2009). Study of bypass diodes configuration on PV modules. Applied Energy, 86(9):16, 32-40.
  • [14] Daliento, S., Napoli, F.D., Guerriero, P., d’Alessandro, V. (2016). A modified bypass circuit for improved hot spot reliability of solar panels subject to partial shading. Solar Energy, 134:211-218.
  • [15] Dhimish, M., Holmes, V., Mehrdadi, B., Dales, M., Mather, P. (2018). PV output power enhancement using two mitigation techniques for hot spots and partially shaded solar cells. Electric Power Systems Research, 158:15-25.
  • [16] Bayrak, F., Ertürk, G., Oztop, H.F. (2017). Effects of partial shading on energy and exergy efficiencies for photovoltaic panels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164:58-69.
  • [17] Bayrak, F., Oztop, H.F., Selimefendigil, F. (2019). Effects of different fin parameters on temperature and efficiency for cooling of photovoltaic panels under natural convection. Solar Energy, 188:484-494.
  • [18] Parlak, K.Ş. (2014). PV array reconfiguration method under partial shading conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 63:713-721.
  • [19] Parlak, K.Ş. (2014). FPGA based new MPPT (maximum power point tracking) method for PV (photovoltaic) array system operating partially shaded conditions. Energy, 68: 399-410.
  • [20] Chan, A.L.S. (2019). Effect of adjacent shading on the energy and environmental performance of photovoltaic glazing system in building application. Energy, 187: 115939.
  • [21] Alonso- García, M.C., Ruiz, J.M., Herrmann, W. (2006). Computer simulation of shading effects in photovoltaic arrays. Renewable Energy, 31(12):19, 86-93.
  • [22] Kawamura, H., Naka, K., Yonekura, N., Yamanaka, S., Kawamura, H., Ohno, H. (2003). Simulation of I-V characteristics of a PV module with shaded PV cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75(3):6, 13-21.
  • [23] Bana, S., Sani, R.P. (2017). Experimental investigation on power output of different photovoltaic array configurations under uniform and partial shading scenarios. Energy, 127:438-453.
  • [24] Alonso-García, M.C., Ruiz, J.M., Chenlo, F. (2006). Experimental study of mismatch and shading effects in the I–V characteristic of a photovoltaic modüle. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 90(3): 329-340.
  • [25] Bauwens, P., Doutreloigne, J. (2014). Reducing partial shading power loss with an integrated Smart Bypass. Solar Energy, 103:134–142.
  • [26] Kim, K.A., Krein, P.T. (2015). Reexamination of photovoltaic hot spotting to Show inadequacy of the bypass diode. IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 5:1435-1441.
  • [27] AI-Rawi, N.A., AI-Kaisi, M.M., Asfer, D.J. (1994). Reliability of photovoltaic modules II Interconnection and bypass diodes effects. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 31:469-480.
  • [28] Suncalc. a web-based calculation of solar database and geographical coordinates for the PV systems. https://www.suncalc.org/#/41.2881,36.187,12/2018.12.19/07:58/1/0, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [29] IEC 60904-1. (2017). Photovoltaic devices. Part 1-1: measurement of current-voltage Characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices. International Electrotechnical Commission IEC-60904-1.
  • [30] IEC 60891. (2010). Photovoltaic devices. Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics. 1st ed. Geneve: International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60891.
  • [31] IEC 62446-1. (2016). Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Requirements for testing, documentation and maintenance - Part 1: Grid connected systems - Documentation, commissioning tests and inspection. International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 62446-1.
  • [32] Polikristal. (SPE 260-275) SPE-04-170708051.Turkey. http://www.schmid-pekintas.com/poly.pdf, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [33] ABB string tree phase inverter. https://new.abb.com/ power-converters-inverters/ tr/solar/dizi-inverterler/uc-fazli-dizi-inverterler, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [34] 630 kVA Transformer. https://www.erentrafo.com.tr/ katalog.pdf, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [35] Motahhir, S., El Hammoumi, A., El Ghzizal, A. (2020). The most used MPPT algorithms: Review and the suitable low-cost embedded board for each algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246:118983.
  • [36] Solar Panel Orientation Detection. https://www.tesisat.org /en/solar-panel-orientation-detection.html, accessed on Jan, 2020.

Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 553 - 563, 01.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.701525

Abstract

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, power generation is significantly affected by partial or complete shading of solar panels. In this study, the effects of shading caused by a transformer building on the performance of a PV array in an on-grid solar power plant were investigated under real operating conditions. The performaces onf the shaded and the unshaded array were regularly observed under the outdoor climatic conditions on clear and sunny days for 12 months. As a result of the evaluation of performance data, the total power loss due to the transformer building was calculated to be 307 kW (0.66%) in the shaded 30 kW-PV array after one-year operation of the power plant. It is obvious that the energy loss caused by the shading effect will reach up to power in MW scale when considered since photovoltaic energy systems have lifetime up to 30 years. This observation underlines the importance of the operational units when designing a PV power plant.

References

  • [1] Ramli, M.Z., Salam, Z. (2019). Performance evaluation of dc power optimizer (DCPO) for photovoltaic (PV) system during partial shading. Renewable Energy, 139:1336-1354.
  • [2] Hachicha, A.A., Al-Sawafta, I., Said, Z. (2019). Impact of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under United Arab Emirates weather conditions. Renewable Energy, 141:287-297.
  • [3] Dolara, A., Lazaroiu, G.C., Leva, S., Manzolini, G. (2013). Experimental investigation of partial shading scenarios on PV (photovoltaic) modules. Energy, 55:466-475.
  • [4] Maftah, A., Maarouft, M. (2019). Experimental evaluation of temperature effect of two different PV Systems Performances under arid climate. Energy Procedia, 157: 701-708.
  • [5] Mert, B.D., Ekinci, F., Demirdelen, T. (2019). Effect of partial shading conditions on off-grid solar PV/Hydrogen production in high solar energy index regions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44:277, 13-25.
  • [6] Winston, D.P., Kumaravel, S., Kumar, B.P., Devakirubakaran, S. (2020). Performance improvement of solar PV array topologies during various partial shading conditions. Solar Energy, 196:228-242.
  • [7] Pendem, S.R., Mikkili, S. (2018). Modeling, simulation and performance analysis of solar PV array configurations (Series, Series–Parallel and Honey-Comb) to extract maximum power under Partial Shading Conditions. Energy Reports, 4:274-287.
  • [8] Ma, M., Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Yun, P., Liu, F. (2019). Rapid diagnosis of hot spot failure of crystalline silicon PV module based on I-V curve. Microelectronics Reliability, 100-101,
  • [9] Guerriero, P., Tricoli, P., Daliento, S. (2019). A bypass circuit for avoiding the hot spot in PV Modules. Solar Energy, 181:430-438.
  • [10] Hanifi, H., Pander, M., Jaeckel, B., Schneider, J., Bakhtiari, A., Maier, W. (2019). A novel electrical approach to protect PV modules under various partial shading situations. Solar Energy, 193:814-819.
  • [11] Krishna, G.S., Moger, T. (2019). Reconfiguration strategies for reducing partial shading effects in photovoltaic arrays: State of the art. Solar Energy, 182:429-452.
  • ,[12] Ryad, A.K., Atallah, A.M., Zekry, A. (2019). Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration under Partial Shading Based on Integer Link Matrix and Harmony Search. European Journal of Electrical Engineering, 21:471-477.
  • [13] Silvestre, S., Boronat, A., Chouder, A. (2009). Study of bypass diodes configuration on PV modules. Applied Energy, 86(9):16, 32-40.
  • [14] Daliento, S., Napoli, F.D., Guerriero, P., d’Alessandro, V. (2016). A modified bypass circuit for improved hot spot reliability of solar panels subject to partial shading. Solar Energy, 134:211-218.
  • [15] Dhimish, M., Holmes, V., Mehrdadi, B., Dales, M., Mather, P. (2018). PV output power enhancement using two mitigation techniques for hot spots and partially shaded solar cells. Electric Power Systems Research, 158:15-25.
  • [16] Bayrak, F., Ertürk, G., Oztop, H.F. (2017). Effects of partial shading on energy and exergy efficiencies for photovoltaic panels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164:58-69.
  • [17] Bayrak, F., Oztop, H.F., Selimefendigil, F. (2019). Effects of different fin parameters on temperature and efficiency for cooling of photovoltaic panels under natural convection. Solar Energy, 188:484-494.
  • [18] Parlak, K.Ş. (2014). PV array reconfiguration method under partial shading conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 63:713-721.
  • [19] Parlak, K.Ş. (2014). FPGA based new MPPT (maximum power point tracking) method for PV (photovoltaic) array system operating partially shaded conditions. Energy, 68: 399-410.
  • [20] Chan, A.L.S. (2019). Effect of adjacent shading on the energy and environmental performance of photovoltaic glazing system in building application. Energy, 187: 115939.
  • [21] Alonso- García, M.C., Ruiz, J.M., Herrmann, W. (2006). Computer simulation of shading effects in photovoltaic arrays. Renewable Energy, 31(12):19, 86-93.
  • [22] Kawamura, H., Naka, K., Yonekura, N., Yamanaka, S., Kawamura, H., Ohno, H. (2003). Simulation of I-V characteristics of a PV module with shaded PV cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75(3):6, 13-21.
  • [23] Bana, S., Sani, R.P. (2017). Experimental investigation on power output of different photovoltaic array configurations under uniform and partial shading scenarios. Energy, 127:438-453.
  • [24] Alonso-García, M.C., Ruiz, J.M., Chenlo, F. (2006). Experimental study of mismatch and shading effects in the I–V characteristic of a photovoltaic modüle. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 90(3): 329-340.
  • [25] Bauwens, P., Doutreloigne, J. (2014). Reducing partial shading power loss with an integrated Smart Bypass. Solar Energy, 103:134–142.
  • [26] Kim, K.A., Krein, P.T. (2015). Reexamination of photovoltaic hot spotting to Show inadequacy of the bypass diode. IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 5:1435-1441.
  • [27] AI-Rawi, N.A., AI-Kaisi, M.M., Asfer, D.J. (1994). Reliability of photovoltaic modules II Interconnection and bypass diodes effects. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 31:469-480.
  • [28] Suncalc. a web-based calculation of solar database and geographical coordinates for the PV systems. https://www.suncalc.org/#/41.2881,36.187,12/2018.12.19/07:58/1/0, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [29] IEC 60904-1. (2017). Photovoltaic devices. Part 1-1: measurement of current-voltage Characteristics of multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) devices. International Electrotechnical Commission IEC-60904-1.
  • [30] IEC 60891. (2010). Photovoltaic devices. Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics. 1st ed. Geneve: International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60891.
  • [31] IEC 62446-1. (2016). Photovoltaic (PV) systems - Requirements for testing, documentation and maintenance - Part 1: Grid connected systems - Documentation, commissioning tests and inspection. International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 62446-1.
  • [32] Polikristal. (SPE 260-275) SPE-04-170708051.Turkey. http://www.schmid-pekintas.com/poly.pdf, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [33] ABB string tree phase inverter. https://new.abb.com/ power-converters-inverters/ tr/solar/dizi-inverterler/uc-fazli-dizi-inverterler, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [34] 630 kVA Transformer. https://www.erentrafo.com.tr/ katalog.pdf, accessed on Jan, 2020.
  • [35] Motahhir, S., El Hammoumi, A., El Ghzizal, A. (2020). The most used MPPT algorithms: Review and the suitable low-cost embedded board for each algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246:118983.
  • [36] Solar Panel Orientation Detection. https://www.tesisat.org /en/solar-panel-orientation-detection.html, accessed on Jan, 2020.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Vedat Keskin 0000-0002-8084-4224

Seyed Hamed Pour Rahmati Khalejan This is me

Recep Çıkla 0000-0003-0923-552X

Publication Date June 1, 2021
Submission Date March 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Keskin, V., Khalejan, S. H. P. R., & Çıkla, R. (2021). Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi, 24(2), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.701525
AMA Keskin V, Khalejan SHPR, Çıkla R. Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. June 2021;24(2):553-563. doi:10.2339/politeknik.701525
Chicago Keskin, Vedat, Seyed Hamed Pour Rahmati Khalejan, and Recep Çıkla. “Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a Grid-Connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi 24, no. 2 (June 2021): 553-63. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.701525.
EndNote Keskin V, Khalejan SHPR, Çıkla R (June 1, 2021) Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi 24 2 553–563.
IEEE V. Keskin, S. H. P. R. Khalejan, and R. Çıkla, “Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey”, Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 553–563, 2021, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.701525.
ISNAD Keskin, Vedat et al. “Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a Grid-Connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi 24/2 (June 2021), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.701525.
JAMA Keskin V, Khalejan SHPR, Çıkla R. Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24:553–563.
MLA Keskin, Vedat et al. “Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a Grid-Connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 2, 2021, pp. 553-6, doi:10.2339/politeknik.701525.
Vancouver Keskin V, Khalejan SHPR, Çıkla R. Investigation of the Shading Effect on the Performance of a grid-connected PV Plant in Samsun/Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24(2):553-6.