The Impact of Color and Material Selection on Lighting Design In Classroom
Year 2025,
EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1
Fatma Zişan Yolcu
,
Tülay Zorlu
Abstract
This study addresses lighting design as a key factor for energy efficiency and sustainability. A significant portion of global energy consumption is electricity, much of which is allocated to building lighting. The large number of educational buildings and their year-round use require efficient lighting strategies to reduce energy consumption. In classrooms, proper lighting design not only ensures energy savings but also enhances visual comfort, thereby supporting efficiency in education. This study aims to examine lighting design in classrooms within a holistic and sustainability-oriented framework by revealing the impact of wall surface colors and student desk material properties on energy-efficient lighting design. In this context, current illumination levels in classrooms were measured and evaluated for compliance with standard, then illuminance calculations were carried out using DiaLux.evo software to suggest wall color and desk material recommendations. The research findings indicate that, regardless of room orientation and the reflectance coefficient of the color, warm colors contribute more to work plane illuminance compared to cool colors. In addition, it has been observed that changes in wall surface colors and desk surface materials significantly affect not only the level of illuminance on the work and focal surface but also the quality of light distribution.
Ethical Statement
This study was conducted with the permission obtained from the Provincial Directorate of National Education of Trabzon Governorship under the protocol code E-82438636-605.99-83186555, dated 07/09/2023. Since only illuminance level measurements were conducted in classrooms within the scope of the study, an ethics review and approval document were not obtained.
Supporting Institution
Karadeniz Technical University
Project Number
KTU BAP FYL-2023-10831
References
-
[1] Achuo, E. D., Miamo, C. W., & Nchofoung, T. N., “Energy consumption and environmental sustainability: What lessons for posterity?’’ Energy Reports, 8, 12491-12502. (2022).
-
[2] IEA. ‘Word Energy Outlook’’, (2022). Avaible online: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022/outlook-for-electricity (Accessed on 16.10.2023).
-
[3] Muhammad, W.N.W.; Zain, M.Y.M.; Wahab, N.; Aziz, N.H.A. & Kadir, R.A., “Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building’’ IEEE Xplore Digital Library. (2010).
-
[4] TEDAS. General Lighting Consumption. Avaible online: https://www.tedas.gov.tr/tr/1/genel-aydinlatma-tuketimleri/RoutePage/63c65a19d27de36b22f9cf23 (Accessed on 30.01.2024).
-
[5] Sümenger, O. & Yener, A.K. Investigation of daylight parametres which effects lighting energy performance of buildings. Erciyes University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 31(2), 135–148. (2015).
-
[6] Emre T., İzgeç M. M. & Sözen A., “Enerji yoksulluğu konusundaki literatüre genelbakış”, Journal of Polytechnic, 26(3): 1255-1266, (2023).
-
[7] Onak,B.; Yıldıran, N. Lighting type and usage suggestions in educational buildings: Kocaeli University faculty of architecture building. Journal of Architecture and Life., 5(2), 361–380. (2020).
-
[8] T.C.MEB., ‘‘National Education Statistics Formal Education’’, 2021/’22. ISSN:1300-0993, Ankara, Turkey, 59–224. (2022).
-
[9] Celik, K.; Unver, F. R. Sustainable lighting design approach in educational buildings. Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. 34(3), 49–64. (2019).
-
[10] Zehra, F.; Korkmaz, K. A.; &Ahmeda, M. S., ‘‘Sustainable lighting system for university buildings’’. J. Build. Sustain. 1,pp. 12-22., (2018)
-
[11] TS-EN 12464. ‘‘Çalışma alanlarının aydınlatılması: Bölüm 1’’, (2021).
-
[12] Anon., ‘‘Lighting Handbook’’, IESNA, Ed. M.S.Rea, USA. (2000).
-
[13] Capeluto, J.G., ‘‘The Influence Of The Urban Environment On The Availability of Daylighting in Office Buildings in Israel’’, Building and Environment, 38, 745-52. (2003).
-
[14] Grangaard E. M.,‘‘Color and light effects on learning’’, Retrieved from ERIC Database. (1995).
-
[15] Baskan, T.B. & Sözen, M. Ş., “Dersliklerde görsel konfor ve etkin enerji kullanımı - Bir örnek derslik aydınlatması”, Megaron Dergisi, Cilt 1(2-3):143-153. (2006).
-
[16] Yener, A.K., Güvenkaya, R.K. & Şener, F., “İlköğretim Binalarının Görsel Konfor Koşulları Açısından İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi”, İTÜ/a Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım Dergisi, 8(1):105-116. (2009).
-
[17] Cheatum B. A. & Hammond A. A., “Physical activities for improving children’s learning and behavior: A guide to sensory and motor development”, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. . (2000).
-
[18] Wurtman, R.J., “The Effects of light on the human body”, Sci. Am. 1975, 233, 68–77. (1975).
-
[19] Cajochen, C., “Alerting effects of light”, Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 453–464. (2007).
-
[20] Mott, M. S., Robinson, D. H., Walden, A., Burnette, J., & Rutherford, A. S., “Illuminating the effects of dynamic lighting on student learning”, Sage Open, 2(2), (2012).
-
[21] Bayer, S., & Erkan Yazıcı, Y., ‘‘Pandemi sürecinde gün ışığının konutların çalışma alanlarına etkisi’’, Tasarım Mimarlık Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(3), 182-192. (2022).
-
[22] Memiş, Ö. & Ekren, N., “İnsan odaklı aydınlatma”, International Periodical of Recent Technologies in Applied Engineering, 1(1), 30-35.(2019).
-
[23] Yılmaz, S. & Sungur, C., “Kamu binalarında mevcut aydınlatma elemanlarının LED aydınlatma elemanlarına dönüştürülmesi ile elde edilecek elektrik enerjisi tasarrufunun belirlenmesi”, Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 214-218. (2020).
-
[24] Kutlu Güvenkaya, R., “İlköğretim dersliklerinde aydınlatma enerjisi yönetimi açısından yönlere göre uygun cephe seçeneklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir yaklaşım”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (2008).
-
[25] Nugroho, P., “The effect of the reflective interior elements on the illuminance level in classrooms”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture, 1(2), 42-49. (2022).
-
[26] Şahin M., Oğuz, Y., & Büyüktümtürk, F., “İç mekân aydınlatmasında renk seçiminin aydınlatma ekonomisi ve görselliğe etkisi”, Makine Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 10, 15-26. (2013).
-
[27] Yağmur, Ş. A., & Sözen, M. Ş., “Dersliklerde görsel konfor ve iç yüzeylerin etkisi’’ Megaron, 11(1), 49-62. (2016).
-
[28] Building Bulletin 90, Lighting Design For Schools. London: Department for Education and Employment. 0-88. ISBN-0-11-271041-7., (1999).
-
[29] Hynds, H. D., “Right Use of Color in the Classroom’’, American School Board Journal, 109:30.(1944).
-
[30] Hamon, L., “Color in the Schoolroom’’, New York State Education. 33:218.(1945).
-
[31] Rudner, M. J. A, ‘‘Study of the Effect of Classroom Color on Student Achievement’’, NewYork University. (1962).
-
[32] Luciana, K., Gunawan, T., Fenny, E. F., Nerissa Arviana, W. N. A., & Eunice, W., ‘‘The Influence of Wall Color and Lamp Color Temperature to Student’s Concentration and Cognition’’, Dimensi: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment, 43(1), 15-22. (2016).
-
[33] Hathaway, W.E., ‘‘Lights,Windows,Color: Elements of the School Environment’’. (1982).
-
[34] Morrow, B. L. & Kanakri, S., ‘‘The impact of fluorescent and LED lighting on student attitudes and behavior in the classroom’’, Adv Pediatr Res., 5:15. doi:10.24105/apr.2018.5.15. (2018).
-
[35] López-Chao, V., Amado Lorenzo, A., Saorín, J. L., De La Torre-Cantero, J., & Melián-Díaz, D., ‘‘Classroom indoor environment assessment through architectural analysis for the design of efficient schools’’, Sustainability, 12(5), (2020).
-
[36] Gaines, K. S., & Curry, Z. D.,‘‘The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color on Learning and Behavior’’, Journal Of Family & Consumer Sciences Education, 29(1). (2011).
-
[37] Nurendra, A. C., & Ismaniati, C., Classroom Wall Color Selection at Public Elementary Schools in Salatiga. 637 In 2nd Yogyakarta International Conference on Educational Management/Administration and Pedagogy (YICEMAP 2019) (pp. 44- 638 47). Atlantis Press. (2020).
-
[38] Dehvari, H., Maddahi, S. M., Afsari, A., & Hosseini, I. M., ‘‘Simultaneous evaluation of the role of color preferences and the effect of color memory with the approach of improving students’ quality of learning: a case study—learning environments for 6-to-7-year-old children’’, Learning Environments Research, 1-22. (2023).
-
[39] Ogita, C., & Pothong, A., ‘‘The effects of wall color on students’ attention levels: an international school’s perspective’’, Journal of Student Research, 10(2). (2021).
-
[40] Glogar, M.I., Sutlovic A., Matijevic, I. & Hajsan-Dolinar, V., ‘‘Preferences of colors and importance of color in working surrounding of elementary school children’’, ICERI2017. 4740-4748. (2017).
-
[41] Pourbagher, S., Azemati, H. R., & Saleh Sedgh Pour, B., ‘‘Classroom wall color: a multiple variance analysis on social stress and concentration in learning environments’’, International Journal of Educational Management, 35(1), 189-200. (2020).
-
[42] Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, L., Gao, W., Zang, Q., & Li, J., ‘‘The effect of classroom wall color on learning performance: a virtual reality experiment’’, In Building Simulation Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 15:12, 2019-2030. (2022).
-
[43] Llinares, C., Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., & Serra, J., ‘‘Cold and warm coloured classrooms. Effects on students’ attention and memory measured through psychological and neurophysiological responses’’, Building and Environment, 196, 107726. (2021).
-
[44] Birren, F., ‘‘The Psychology of Color for the School Room’’, Nation’s Schools. 57-94. (1956).
-
[45] The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change, General Directorate of Meteorology, Official Data, Seasonal Normals for Trabzon Province.
-
[46] The Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, Turkey Solar Potential Atlas. Ankara, 2010. https://gepa.enerji.gov.tr/MyCalculator/Default.aspx (Access on 12.12.2023).
-
[47] Kızılörenli, E., Yaman, Y., & Uygun, İ., ‘‘Enhancing Lighting Efficiency in Deep Plan Classroom: Artificial and Daylighting’’. Politeknik Dergisi, 28(2), 469-477. (2025).
-
[48] Cılasun Kunduracı A. & Kızılörenli E., “A design proposal for improving daylightperformance of a deep-plan classroom by using tubular daylight guidance systems and movable shadingdevices”, Journal of Polytechnic, 27(4): 1305-1316, (2024).
-
[49] Munsell, A.H., ‘‘Atlas of the Munsell Color System’’, (1906).
Dersliklerde Renk ve Malzeme Seçiminin Aydınlatma Tasarımına Etkisi
Year 2025,
EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1
Fatma Zişan Yolcu
,
Tülay Zorlu
Abstract
Bu çalışma, enerji verimliliğini sağlamaya yönelik ve sürdürülebilirliğin en önemli unsurlarından biri olan aydınlatma tasarımını ele almaktadır. Küresel enerji tüketiminin önemli bir kısmı elektrik enerjisi kullanımına dayanmaktadır ve bu enerjinin büyük bir bölümü bina aydınlatmasına ayrılmaktadır. Eğitim yapılarının sayıca fazla olması ve yıl boyunca aktif olarak kullanılması, enerji tüketimini azaltmaya yönelik etkin bir aydınlatma tasarımını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Dersliklerde doğru aydınlatma tasarımı, enerji tasarrufunun yanında, görsel konfor sağlayarak da eğitimde verimliliği desteklemektedir. Dersliklerde aydınlatma tasarımını bütüncül ve yapının sürdürülebilirliği bağlamında ele alarak, dersliklerin duvar yüzey renklerinin ve öğrenci sıralarının malzeme özelliklerinin enerji etkin aydınlatma tasarımına etkisinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, dersliklerde mevcut aydınlatma düzeyleri ölçülerek standarda uygunluğu belirlenmiş, ardından DiaLux.evo yazılımıyla dersliklerde tercih edilecek duvar yüzey renk ve sıra malzeme önerilerinin sunulmasına yönelik aydınlık düzeyi hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, mekanın yönelimi ve rengin yansıtma katsayısından bağımsız olarak, sıcak renklerin soğuk renklere kıyasla çalışma düzlemi aydınlık düzeyine daha fazla katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında duvar yüzeylerindeki renk ile sıra yüzeylerindeki malzeme değişiminin çalışma düzlemi ve odak yüzeyinde hem aydınlık düzeyi üzerinde hem de ışık yayılımında etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma, 07/09/2023 tarihli ve E-82438636-605.99-83186555 protokol kodu ile Trabzon Valiliği İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü'nden alınan izinle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında yalnızca dersliklerde aydınlık düzeyi ölçümleri yapıldığından, etik kurul inceleme ve onay belgesi alınmamıştır.
Supporting Institution
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi
Project Number
KTU BAP FYL-2023-10831
References
-
[1] Achuo, E. D., Miamo, C. W., & Nchofoung, T. N., “Energy consumption and environmental sustainability: What lessons for posterity?’’ Energy Reports, 8, 12491-12502. (2022).
-
[2] IEA. ‘Word Energy Outlook’’, (2022). Avaible online: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022/outlook-for-electricity (Accessed on 16.10.2023).
-
[3] Muhammad, W.N.W.; Zain, M.Y.M.; Wahab, N.; Aziz, N.H.A. & Kadir, R.A., “Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building’’ IEEE Xplore Digital Library. (2010).
-
[4] TEDAS. General Lighting Consumption. Avaible online: https://www.tedas.gov.tr/tr/1/genel-aydinlatma-tuketimleri/RoutePage/63c65a19d27de36b22f9cf23 (Accessed on 30.01.2024).
-
[5] Sümenger, O. & Yener, A.K. Investigation of daylight parametres which effects lighting energy performance of buildings. Erciyes University Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 31(2), 135–148. (2015).
-
[6] Emre T., İzgeç M. M. & Sözen A., “Enerji yoksulluğu konusundaki literatüre genelbakış”, Journal of Polytechnic, 26(3): 1255-1266, (2023).
-
[7] Onak,B.; Yıldıran, N. Lighting type and usage suggestions in educational buildings: Kocaeli University faculty of architecture building. Journal of Architecture and Life., 5(2), 361–380. (2020).
-
[8] T.C.MEB., ‘‘National Education Statistics Formal Education’’, 2021/’22. ISSN:1300-0993, Ankara, Turkey, 59–224. (2022).
-
[9] Celik, K.; Unver, F. R. Sustainable lighting design approach in educational buildings. Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. 34(3), 49–64. (2019).
-
[10] Zehra, F.; Korkmaz, K. A.; &Ahmeda, M. S., ‘‘Sustainable lighting system for university buildings’’. J. Build. Sustain. 1,pp. 12-22., (2018)
-
[11] TS-EN 12464. ‘‘Çalışma alanlarının aydınlatılması: Bölüm 1’’, (2021).
-
[12] Anon., ‘‘Lighting Handbook’’, IESNA, Ed. M.S.Rea, USA. (2000).
-
[13] Capeluto, J.G., ‘‘The Influence Of The Urban Environment On The Availability of Daylighting in Office Buildings in Israel’’, Building and Environment, 38, 745-52. (2003).
-
[14] Grangaard E. M.,‘‘Color and light effects on learning’’, Retrieved from ERIC Database. (1995).
-
[15] Baskan, T.B. & Sözen, M. Ş., “Dersliklerde görsel konfor ve etkin enerji kullanımı - Bir örnek derslik aydınlatması”, Megaron Dergisi, Cilt 1(2-3):143-153. (2006).
-
[16] Yener, A.K., Güvenkaya, R.K. & Şener, F., “İlköğretim Binalarının Görsel Konfor Koşulları Açısından İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi”, İTÜ/a Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım Dergisi, 8(1):105-116. (2009).
-
[17] Cheatum B. A. & Hammond A. A., “Physical activities for improving children’s learning and behavior: A guide to sensory and motor development”, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. . (2000).
-
[18] Wurtman, R.J., “The Effects of light on the human body”, Sci. Am. 1975, 233, 68–77. (1975).
-
[19] Cajochen, C., “Alerting effects of light”, Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 453–464. (2007).
-
[20] Mott, M. S., Robinson, D. H., Walden, A., Burnette, J., & Rutherford, A. S., “Illuminating the effects of dynamic lighting on student learning”, Sage Open, 2(2), (2012).
-
[21] Bayer, S., & Erkan Yazıcı, Y., ‘‘Pandemi sürecinde gün ışığının konutların çalışma alanlarına etkisi’’, Tasarım Mimarlık Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(3), 182-192. (2022).
-
[22] Memiş, Ö. & Ekren, N., “İnsan odaklı aydınlatma”, International Periodical of Recent Technologies in Applied Engineering, 1(1), 30-35.(2019).
-
[23] Yılmaz, S. & Sungur, C., “Kamu binalarında mevcut aydınlatma elemanlarının LED aydınlatma elemanlarına dönüştürülmesi ile elde edilecek elektrik enerjisi tasarrufunun belirlenmesi”, Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 214-218. (2020).
-
[24] Kutlu Güvenkaya, R., “İlköğretim dersliklerinde aydınlatma enerjisi yönetimi açısından yönlere göre uygun cephe seçeneklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir yaklaşım”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (2008).
-
[25] Nugroho, P., “The effect of the reflective interior elements on the illuminance level in classrooms”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture, 1(2), 42-49. (2022).
-
[26] Şahin M., Oğuz, Y., & Büyüktümtürk, F., “İç mekân aydınlatmasında renk seçiminin aydınlatma ekonomisi ve görselliğe etkisi”, Makine Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 10, 15-26. (2013).
-
[27] Yağmur, Ş. A., & Sözen, M. Ş., “Dersliklerde görsel konfor ve iç yüzeylerin etkisi’’ Megaron, 11(1), 49-62. (2016).
-
[28] Building Bulletin 90, Lighting Design For Schools. London: Department for Education and Employment. 0-88. ISBN-0-11-271041-7., (1999).
-
[29] Hynds, H. D., “Right Use of Color in the Classroom’’, American School Board Journal, 109:30.(1944).
-
[30] Hamon, L., “Color in the Schoolroom’’, New York State Education. 33:218.(1945).
-
[31] Rudner, M. J. A, ‘‘Study of the Effect of Classroom Color on Student Achievement’’, NewYork University. (1962).
-
[32] Luciana, K., Gunawan, T., Fenny, E. F., Nerissa Arviana, W. N. A., & Eunice, W., ‘‘The Influence of Wall Color and Lamp Color Temperature to Student’s Concentration and Cognition’’, Dimensi: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment, 43(1), 15-22. (2016).
-
[33] Hathaway, W.E., ‘‘Lights,Windows,Color: Elements of the School Environment’’. (1982).
-
[34] Morrow, B. L. & Kanakri, S., ‘‘The impact of fluorescent and LED lighting on student attitudes and behavior in the classroom’’, Adv Pediatr Res., 5:15. doi:10.24105/apr.2018.5.15. (2018).
-
[35] López-Chao, V., Amado Lorenzo, A., Saorín, J. L., De La Torre-Cantero, J., & Melián-Díaz, D., ‘‘Classroom indoor environment assessment through architectural analysis for the design of efficient schools’’, Sustainability, 12(5), (2020).
-
[36] Gaines, K. S., & Curry, Z. D.,‘‘The Inclusive Classroom: The Effects of Color on Learning and Behavior’’, Journal Of Family & Consumer Sciences Education, 29(1). (2011).
-
[37] Nurendra, A. C., & Ismaniati, C., Classroom Wall Color Selection at Public Elementary Schools in Salatiga. 637 In 2nd Yogyakarta International Conference on Educational Management/Administration and Pedagogy (YICEMAP 2019) (pp. 44- 638 47). Atlantis Press. (2020).
-
[38] Dehvari, H., Maddahi, S. M., Afsari, A., & Hosseini, I. M., ‘‘Simultaneous evaluation of the role of color preferences and the effect of color memory with the approach of improving students’ quality of learning: a case study—learning environments for 6-to-7-year-old children’’, Learning Environments Research, 1-22. (2023).
-
[39] Ogita, C., & Pothong, A., ‘‘The effects of wall color on students’ attention levels: an international school’s perspective’’, Journal of Student Research, 10(2). (2021).
-
[40] Glogar, M.I., Sutlovic A., Matijevic, I. & Hajsan-Dolinar, V., ‘‘Preferences of colors and importance of color in working surrounding of elementary school children’’, ICERI2017. 4740-4748. (2017).
-
[41] Pourbagher, S., Azemati, H. R., & Saleh Sedgh Pour, B., ‘‘Classroom wall color: a multiple variance analysis on social stress and concentration in learning environments’’, International Journal of Educational Management, 35(1), 189-200. (2020).
-
[42] Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, L., Gao, W., Zang, Q., & Li, J., ‘‘The effect of classroom wall color on learning performance: a virtual reality experiment’’, In Building Simulation Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 15:12, 2019-2030. (2022).
-
[43] Llinares, C., Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., & Serra, J., ‘‘Cold and warm coloured classrooms. Effects on students’ attention and memory measured through psychological and neurophysiological responses’’, Building and Environment, 196, 107726. (2021).
-
[44] Birren, F., ‘‘The Psychology of Color for the School Room’’, Nation’s Schools. 57-94. (1956).
-
[45] The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change, General Directorate of Meteorology, Official Data, Seasonal Normals for Trabzon Province.
-
[46] The Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs, Turkey Solar Potential Atlas. Ankara, 2010. https://gepa.enerji.gov.tr/MyCalculator/Default.aspx (Access on 12.12.2023).
-
[47] Kızılörenli, E., Yaman, Y., & Uygun, İ., ‘‘Enhancing Lighting Efficiency in Deep Plan Classroom: Artificial and Daylighting’’. Politeknik Dergisi, 28(2), 469-477. (2025).
-
[48] Cılasun Kunduracı A. & Kızılörenli E., “A design proposal for improving daylightperformance of a deep-plan classroom by using tubular daylight guidance systems and movable shadingdevices”, Journal of Polytechnic, 27(4): 1305-1316, (2024).
-
[49] Munsell, A.H., ‘‘Atlas of the Munsell Color System’’, (1906).