Uluslararası Hukukta Pandemilerce Oluşturulan Yeni Grotian Moment

Abstract

Uluslararası sağlık krizleri olarak pandemiler, uluslararası toplumun geçen yüzyılda karşılaştığı iki büyük savaş gibi dünyayı etkilemektedir. Son iki buçuk yıldır devam Covid-19 ise bu durumu bir kez daha doğrulamıştır. Pandemiler, dünya genelinde bireyleri, devletleri, toplumları ve sektörleri birçok yönden ciddi şekilde etkilemektedir. Uluslararası hukuk da kaçınılmaz olarak pandemilerin etkilerinden payını almıştır. BM’nin özel yetkili organı olan BM Güvenlik Konseyi, 2000 yılından bu yana pandemileri uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe yönelik tehditler olarak tanımaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak da pandemilerin ortaya çıktığı veya önlenemediği çatışma bölgelerinde veya çatışma sonrası bölgelerde, pandemilerin etkilerini giderme adına ilgili bölgedeki BM barışı koruma misyonları görevlendirilmektedir. Öyle ki, pandemilerin klasik BM barış misyonları ile giderilemeyecek boyutta olması BM Genel Sekreterini harekete geçirmiş, Örgüt’ün tarihinde bir ilk olan (şimdilik tek) UNMEER sağlık misyonu, 2014 Ebola salgını ile mücadele adına kurulmuştur. Genel Sekreter tarafından başlatılan bu trendin, Konsey yetkilendirmesi ile gelecek pandemilere karşı devam ettirilmesi ihtimal dahilindedir. Pandemilerin uluslararası barış ve güvenlik tehditleri olarak kabul edilmesi ve misyonların pandemilere karşı sahada verdiği mücadele, BM’nin kolektif güvenlik sistemi ve dolayısıyla uluslararası hukuk için bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilebilecek mahiyette gelişmelerdir. Bu makale, uluslararası hukukun pandemiler vasıtasıyla dönüşümünün, yeni bir Grotian Moment olduğunu savunmaktadır. Akademik literatürde, uluslararası hukukun geçirdiği dönüştürücü nitelikteki değişiklikleri adlandırmak için kullanılan Grotian Moment konsepti, bu makalede pandemilerin meydana getirdiği yeni bir uluslararası hukuk değişimi olarak kabul edilecektir.

Keywords

• Uluslararası hukuk
• pandemiler
• Güvenlik Konseyi
• uluslararası barış ve güvenlik

Pandemics That Generate a New Grotian Moment in International Law

Abstract

Pandemics, as international health crises, impact the world like the two great wars that the international community faced last century. This has been confirmed by Covid-19 once again for the last two and half years. Individuals, states, societies, and sectors across the world have been seriously impacted in many ways. International law has also inevitably had its share of this. The UN Security Council, the special body of the UN, has technically recognised pandemics threats to international peace and security (IPaS) since 2000. Accordingly, UN peacekeeping missions in the field have been employed to eliminate the effects of pandemics in conflict and post-conflict zones where pandemics occur or cannot be prevented. Additionally, the UN Secretary-General exceptionally established a health mission, namely UNMEER for the first time in the Organisation’s history in the fight against the Ebola pandemic, which requires a speciality beyond the capacity of classical UN missions in 2014. Presumably, this trend commenced by the Secretary-General will continue through the Council’s authorisation against future pandemics. Recognition of pandemics as IPaS threats and missions’ response to pandemics on the ground are significant developments which can be accepted as a turning point for the collective security system (CSS) of the UN and, thus, for international law. This paper argues that the transformation of international law due to pandemics is a new Grotian Moment, which is uniquely used to name transformative changes in international law in the scholarly literature.

Keywords

• International law
• Grotian Moment
• pandemics
• Covid-19
• Security Council
• international peace and security
• Uluslararası hukuk
• pandemiler
• Güvenlik Konseyi
• uluslararası barış ve güvenlik

References

1. Angela Huyue Zhang, ‘Coronavirus-Related US Lawsuits against China Risk a Further Worsening of Relations, and Could Backfire’ (South China Morning Post, 11 May 2020) accessed 12 January 2022
2. Anne-Marie Slaughter and William W. Burke-White, ‘An International Constitutional Moment’ (2002) 43 Harvard International Law Journal 1
3. Antonio Guterres, ‘Profoundly Affecting Peace across the Globe’, Says Secretary-General, in Address to Security Council’ (UN, 2 July 2020) accessed 13 January 2022
4. António Guterres, ‘Remarks to the Security Council Open Meeting on Ensuring Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Contexts Affected by Conflict and Insecurity’ (UN Secretary-General, 17 February 2021)
5. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ‘An Agenda for Peace Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping’ (1992) A/47/277-S/24111 accessed 6 December 2021
6. ——, ‘A Grotian Moment’ (1995) 18 Fordham International Law Journal 1609
7. Bruce A Ackerman, Reconstructing American Law (Harvard University Press 1984)
8. Colin Mcinnes and Simon Rushton, ‘HIV, AIDS and Security: Where Are We Now?’ (2010) 86 International Affairs 225

9. Daniel Dickinson, ‘COVID-19: UN Chief Calls for Global Ceasefire to Focus on “the True Fight of Our Lives”’ (UN News, 23 March 2020) accessed 13 January 2022
10. Dara Grennan, ‘What Is a Pandemic?’ (2019) 321 JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 910
11. Department of Justice, ‘Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged in Three Separate China Related Cases’ (28 January 2020) accessed 12 January 2022
12. GAVI, ‘What Is COVAX?’ accessed 11 December 2021
13. Hugo Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace (Archibald Colin Campbell tr, Batoche Books 2001)
14. ——, The Free Sea (David Armitage ed, Richard Hakluyt tr, Liberty Fund 2004)
15. Ibrahim J Gassama, ‘International Law at a Grotian Moment: The Invasion of Iraw in Context’ (2004) 18 Emory Int’I L. Rev. 1
16. Jocelyne Piret and Guy Boivin, ‘Pandemics Throughout History’ (2021) 11 Frontiers in Microbiology 1
17. Karel Wellens, ‘The UN Security Council and New Threats to the Peace: Back to the Future’ (2003) 8 Journal of Conflict & Security Law 15
18. Leila Nadya Sadat, ‘Extraordinary Rendition, Torture, and Other Nightmares from the War on Terror’ (2007) 75 George Washington Law Review 1200
19. Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law (8th edn, Cambridge University Press)
20. Mark Tushnet, ‘Living in A Constitutional Moment?: Lopez and Constitutional Theory’ (1996) 46 Case Western Reserve Law Review 845
21. Martti Koskenniemi, ‘The Place of Law in Collective Security’ (1996) 17 455
22. Michael P. Scharf, ‘Seizing the Grotian Moment: Accelerated Formation of Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change’ (2010) 43 Cornell International Law Journal 440
23. ——, Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change Recognizing Grotian Moments (Cambridge University Press 2013)
24. ——, ‘Striking a Grotian Moment: How the Syria Airstrikes Changed International Law Relating to Humanitarian Intervention’ (2019) 19 Chicago Journal of International Law 586
25. Milena Sterio, ‘A Grotian Moment: Changes in the Legal Theory of Statehood’ (2011) 39 Denv. J. Int’I L. & Pol’y 209 ——, ‘Humanitarian Intervention Post-Syria: A Grotian Moment’ (2014) 20 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 343
26. Nicholas Tsagourias and Nigel D. White, Collective Security: Theory, Law and Practice (Cambridge University Press 2016)
27. OECD, ‘The Territorial Impact of COVID-19: Managing the Crisis across Levels of Government’ [2020] OECD accessed 11 January 2022
28. Richard Falk, ‘Some Thoughts on the Decline of International Law and Future Prospects’ (1981) 9 Hofstra Law Review 399
29. ——, International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Richard Falk, Friedrich Kratochwill, and Saul H MendLovitz eds, Westview Press 1985)
30. Robert David Siegel, ‘Classification of Human Viruses’ [2018] Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1044
31. Samuel K Murumba, ‘Grappling with A Grotian Moment: Sovereignity and the Quest for a Normative World Order’ (1993) 19 Brook. J. Int’I L. 829
32. ‘Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to The Socio-Economic Impacts of Covıd-19’ (UN 2020) Official accessed 13 January 2022
33. ‘The Secretary-General’s UN COVID-19 Response and Recovery Fund’ (UN 2020) Official accessed 13 January 2022
34. UN, ‘UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER)’ (Global Ebola Response) accessed 13 January 2022
35. UNAIDS, ‘Global HIV & AIDS Statistics’ (2020) accessed 8 December 2021
36. ——, ‘About’ accessed 7 December 2021
37. UNDP, ‘Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security’ (1994) accessed 6 December 2021
38. ——, ‘Covid-19: Socio-Economic Impact’ accessed 10 December 2021
39. ‘United Nations: Security Council Summit Statement Concerning the Council’s Responsilibility in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security’ (1992) 31 International Legal Materials 758
40. UNSC, ‘4172nd Meeting Record’ (2000) S/PV.4172
41. WHO, ‘Overview’ (Ebola, 2017) accessed 13 January 2022
42. ——, ‘Listings of WHO’s Response to COVID-19’ (29 June 2020) accessed 13 January 2022
43. ——, ‘Ebola Virus Disease’ (23 February 2021) accessed 9 December 2021
44. ——, ‘WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard’ (9 December 2021) accessed 9 December 2021 UNGA, Resolution A/RES/74/270 2020 ——, Resolution A/RES/74/274 2020
45. ——, Resolution A/RES/74/307 2020 ——, Resolution A/RES/75/156 2020 ——, Resolution A/RES/75/157 2020
46. UNSC, Resolution 54 1948 ——, Resolution 82 1950
47. ——, Resolution 83 1950 ——, Resolution 393 1976
48. ——, Resolution 424 1978 ——, Resolution 502 1982
49. ——, Resolution 598 1987 ——, Resolution 674 1990
50. ——, Resolution 713 1991 ——, Resolution 731 1992
51. ——, Resolution 858 1993 ——, Resolution 864 1993
52. ——, Resolution 1308 2000 ——, Resolution 1368 2001
53. ——, Resolution 1373 2001 ——, Resolution 1983 2011
54. ——, Resolution 2177 2012 ——, Resolution 2118 2013
55. ——, Resolution 2165 2014 ——, Resolution 2439 2018
56. ——, Draft Resolution 607 2020 ——, Resolution 2532 2020 ——, Resolution 2565 2021