Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları

Year 2022, , 121 - 158, 29.06.2022

Nesrin Singil

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856

Abstract

Yapay zekâ kavramı, ilk olarak 1955 yılında Dartmouth Koleji’nde düzenlenecek Dartmouth Yaz Araştırma Projesi’ne dair yapılan bir resmi başvuruda kullanılmıştır. Daha sonraları ise, yapay zekâ teknolojisinde yaşanan gelişmeler ile bu kavramın kullanımının arttığı bilinmektedir. Günümüzde ise, Birleşik Krallık, Fransa gibi pek çok devlet arasında gerçekleştirilen toplantılarda, yapay zekânın özellikle insan hakları üzerindeki etkileri hususunun daha çok ele alınmaya başladığı gözlemlenmektedir. Yapay zekâ teknolojisinin gelişmesi ve çağımızda birçoğumuzun ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmesi,
beraberinde bu kavrama ilişkin birçok komplo teorisini de gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda kimilerine göre yapay zekâ insanlık bakımından bir tehdit olarak algılanır iken; kimilerine göre ise insanlığa yararlı bir teknoloji olarak görülmektedir. Yapay zekânın, teknoloji, sağlık, eğitim gibi daha pek çok alanda büyük gelişmelere katkı sunacağı açıktır. Benzer şekilde insan haklarının gelişimine de katkı sunması söz konusu olabilir. Bununla birlikte, yapay zekâ kullanımının insan hakları üzerinde ortaya çıkarabileceği olumsuz etkilerin de göz ardı edilmemesi gerekir. Bu etkilerin tespit edilerek giderilmesi insan hakları ihlallerinin de önüne geçilmesine katkı sunar. Bu sebeplerle yapay zekânın, insan hakları üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin neler olduğunun ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak yapay zekâ kavramı detaylandırılmaktadır. Ardından, gelişim düzeylerine göre yapay zekâ türleri ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra, insan hakları bağlamında yapay zekâ hukuku incelenmektedir. Akabinde, yapay zekâ uygulamalarının insan hakları üzerindeki etkileri detaylandırılmaktadır. Son olarak ise, bazı temel hak ve özgürlükler bakımından yapay zekâ uygulamaları ele alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede yapay zekâ uygulamalarının, “yaşam hakkı”, “adil yargılanma hakkı”, “özel ve aile yaşamına saygı hakkı”, “ifade özgürlüğü” ve “eşitlik ilkesi ve ayrımcılık yasağı” üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Yapay zekâ, algoritma, makine öğrenmesi, insan hakları, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi

Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights

Abstract

The concept of artificial intelligence was first introduced in 1955 with the official proposal letter of the Dartmouth Summer Research Project prepared in Dartmouth College. With time and developments in artificial intelligence technology, the use of this concept has gained increasing popularity. Today, the effects of artificial intelligence, particularly on human rights, are being increasingly discussed in international meetings held between many states such as United Kingdom, France etc. The development of artificial intelligence technology and its integration in our lives has brought several
conspiracy theories. Some people perceive it as a threat, whereas others see it as a useful technology for humanity. Artificial intelligence contributes to significant developments in several fields such as technology, health, and education. Similarly, it may contribute to the further improvement of human rights. However, its negative effects on human rights cannot be ignored. Identifying and eliminating such negative effects will also result in the prevention of human right violations. Considering the aforementioned reasons, it is essential to consider the positive and negative effects of artificial
intelligence on human rights. In this study, first, the concept of artificial intelligence is detailed. Then, types of artificial intelligence based on their developments are discussed. Next, the artificial intelligence law is examined in the context of human rights and subsequently, the effects of artificial intelligence applications on human rights are detailed. Finally, the artificial intelligence applications are discussed in terms of some fundamental rights and freedoms. In this framework, the effects of artificial intelligence applications on the “right to life,” “right to a fair trial,” “right to respect private and family life,” “freedom of expression,” and “principle of equality and prohibition of discrimination” are evaluated.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence, algorithm, machine learning, human rights, European Convention on Human Rights

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