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Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları

Year 2022, , 121 - 158, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856

Abstract

Yapay zekâ kavramı, ilk olarak 1955 yılında Dartmouth Koleji’nde düzenlenecek Dartmouth Yaz Araştırma Projesi’ne dair yapılan bir resmi başvuruda kullanılmıştır. Daha sonraları ise, yapay zekâ teknolojisinde yaşanan gelişmeler ile bu kavramın kullanımının arttığı bilinmektedir. Günümüzde ise, Birleşik Krallık, Fransa gibi pek çok devlet arasında gerçekleştirilen toplantılarda, yapay zekânın özellikle insan hakları üzerindeki etkileri hususunun daha çok ele alınmaya başladığı gözlemlenmektedir. Yapay zekâ teknolojisinin gelişmesi ve çağımızda birçoğumuzun ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmesi,
beraberinde bu kavrama ilişkin birçok komplo teorisini de gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda kimilerine göre yapay zekâ insanlık bakımından bir tehdit olarak algılanır iken; kimilerine göre ise insanlığa yararlı bir teknoloji olarak görülmektedir. Yapay zekânın, teknoloji, sağlık, eğitim gibi daha pek çok alanda büyük gelişmelere katkı sunacağı açıktır. Benzer şekilde insan haklarının gelişimine de katkı sunması söz konusu olabilir. Bununla birlikte, yapay zekâ kullanımının insan hakları üzerinde ortaya çıkarabileceği olumsuz etkilerin de göz ardı edilmemesi gerekir. Bu etkilerin tespit edilerek giderilmesi insan hakları ihlallerinin de önüne geçilmesine katkı sunar. Bu sebeplerle yapay zekânın, insan hakları üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin neler olduğunun ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak yapay zekâ kavramı detaylandırılmaktadır. Ardından, gelişim düzeylerine göre yapay zekâ türleri ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra, insan hakları bağlamında yapay zekâ hukuku incelenmektedir. Akabinde, yapay zekâ uygulamalarının insan hakları üzerindeki etkileri detaylandırılmaktadır. Son olarak ise, bazı temel hak ve özgürlükler bakımından yapay zekâ uygulamaları ele alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede yapay zekâ uygulamalarının, “yaşam hakkı”, “adil yargılanma hakkı”, “özel ve aile yaşamına saygı hakkı”, “ifade özgürlüğü” ve “eşitlik ilkesi ve ayrımcılık yasağı” üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmektedir.

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Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights

Year 2022, , 121 - 158, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856

Abstract

The concept of artificial intelligence was first introduced in 1955 with the official proposal letter of the Dartmouth Summer Research Project prepared in Dartmouth College. With time and developments in artificial intelligence technology, the use of this concept has gained increasing popularity. Today, the effects of artificial intelligence, particularly on human rights, are being increasingly discussed in international meetings held between many states such as United Kingdom, France etc. The development of artificial intelligence technology and its integration in our lives has brought several
conspiracy theories. Some people perceive it as a threat, whereas others see it as a useful technology for humanity. Artificial intelligence contributes to significant developments in several fields such as technology, health, and education. Similarly, it may contribute to the further improvement of human rights. However, its negative effects on human rights cannot be ignored. Identifying and eliminating such negative effects will also result in the prevention of human right violations. Considering the aforementioned reasons, it is essential to consider the positive and negative effects of artificial
intelligence on human rights. In this study, first, the concept of artificial intelligence is detailed. Then, types of artificial intelligence based on their developments are discussed. Next, the artificial intelligence law is examined in the context of human rights and subsequently, the effects of artificial intelligence applications on human rights are detailed. Finally, the artificial intelligence applications are discussed in terms of some fundamental rights and freedoms. In this framework, the effects of artificial intelligence applications on the “right to life,” “right to a fair trial,” “right to respect private and family life,” “freedom of expression,” and “principle of equality and prohibition of discrimination” are evaluated.

References

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  • Brkan M, ‘Freedom of Expression and Artificial Intelligence: on Personalisation, Disinformation and (Lack of) Horizontal Effect of the Charter’ (2019) Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Papers 1-17. google scholar
  • Cataleta MS and Cataleta A, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, an Unequal Struggle’, (2020) 1 (2) CIFILE Journal of International Law 40-63. google scholar
  • Centel N, ‘Adil Yargılanma İlkesi ve Türk Hukukundaki Bazı Sorunlar’ (2010) 16(1-2) MÜHF-HAD 3-14. google scholar
  • Danziger S, Jonathan Levav and Liora Avnaim-Pesso ‘Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions’ (2011) 108 (17) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6889-6892. google scholar
  • Donahoe E and Metzger MM, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights’ (2019) 30 (2) Journal of Democracy 115-126. google scholar
  • Dülger MV, ‘Bir Hukuk-Kurgu Denemesi: Yapay Zekâlı Varlığın Hukuki Sorumluluğu (Olabilir Mi?)’ (2017) 2 Hukuk ve Daha Fazlası (h+) 5-7. google scholar
  • Eren CS, ‘İfade Özgürlüğü ve Telif Hakları Dengelemesi: Avrupa Mahkemeleri İçtihadı’ (2019) 37 İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 141-164. google scholar
  • Filippo R, Hilligoss H, Krishnamurthy V, Bavitz C and Levin K, Artificial Intelligence &Human Rights: Opportunities &Risks, (Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Publication 2018) <https://cyber.harvard.edu/publication/2018/artificial-intelligence- human-rights> Erişim Tarihi 15.05.2021. google scholar
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  • Gül İI and Karan U, Ayrımcılık Yasağı: Kavram, Hukuk, İzleme ve Belgeleme, Yeşiladalı B and Ayata G (eds) (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 2011). google scholar
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There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nesrin Singil 0000-0003-1983-178X

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date July 13, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Singil, N. (2022). Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 121-158. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856
AMA Singil N. Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları. PPIL. June 2022;42(1):121-158. doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856
Chicago Singil, Nesrin. “Yapay Zekâ Ve İnsan Hakları”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42, no. 1 (June 2022): 121-58. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856.
EndNote Singil N (June 1, 2022) Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42 1 121–158.
IEEE N. Singil, “Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları”, PPIL, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 121–158, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856.
ISNAD Singil, Nesrin. “Yapay Zekâ Ve İnsan Hakları”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42/1 (June 2022), 121-158. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856.
JAMA Singil N. Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları. PPIL. 2022;42:121–158.
MLA Singil, Nesrin. “Yapay Zekâ Ve İnsan Hakları”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 1, 2022, pp. 121-58, doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856.
Vancouver Singil N. Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları. PPIL. 2022;42(1):121-58.