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The Taliban: From Past to Present and the Question of Whether It Can be Recognized as Government Under International Law

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 53 - 80, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645

Abstract

In international law, there is a difference between the recognition of states and governments. Governments established under a state’s constitution do not need to be recognized by other states. However, governments that came to power in an unconstitutional and illegal process would have to be recognized by other states. Although Afghanistan remains a state, it faces the question of whether the entities that took over the administration in violation of the Afghan constitution can be recognized as a legitimate government by other states. Only Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia recognized the Taliban who seized power illegally between 1996 and 2001, as an established government. After the United States intervened and launched an operation in Afghanistan, blaming Taliban for being a sanctuary for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda members who allegedly perpetrated the twin-tower attack, the Taliban gave up the administration and fled to the mountains. Despite the continued presence of the United States and its allies in Afghanistan for almost two decades, the Taliban grew stronger. The Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, another name for Taliban, was signed in Doha on February 29, 2020, with the United States of America. After the bilateral agreement, on November 17, 2020, the United States announced that it would withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. Hence, President Joe Biden of the United States announced the country’s decision to withdraw from Afghanistan completely on April 14, 2020. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was conquered on August 15, 2021, after the Taliban seized Kabul without conflict. With the fall of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Taliban gained de facto control of the country. In this study, information will be given about the Taliban from past to present. Then, the types of recognition and the differences between the recognition of states and the recognition of governments in terms of international law will be explained. Lastly, the issue of whether the Taliban can be recognized as a government will be examined.

References

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  • Hornbeck SK, ‘Recognition of Governments’, (1950) 44 Sixth Session, American Society of International Law Proceedings’, 181-191. google scholar
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Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 53 - 80, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645

Abstract

Milletlerarası hukukta devletin tanınması ile hükümetin tanınması birbirinden farklı konulardır. Bir devletin anayasasına uygun olarak kurulan hükümetin diğer devletler tarafından tanınmasına gerek yoktur. Ancak olağandışı yollarla yani anayasaya ve hukuka aykırı olarak iktidara gelen hükümetin diğer devletler tarafından tanınması gerekmektedir. Afganistan devlet olarak varlığını korumakla beraber Afganistan anayasasına aykırı şekilde yönetimi ele geçiren oluşumların diğer devletlerce hükümet olarak tanınıp tanınmayacağı sorunuyla karşı karşıyadır. 1996-2001 yılları arasında yasadışı yollarla yönetimi ele geçiren Taliban’ı sadece Pakistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve Suudi Arabistan hükümet olarak tanımıştı. ABD’nin, ikiz kuleler saldırısından sorumlu tuttuğu Usame bin Ladin ve El-Kaide üyelerine karşı başlattığı operasyonu bahane ederek Afganistan’a girmesi üzerine, Taliban yönetimi terk etmiş ve dağlara kaçmak zorunda kalmıştı. ABD ve müttefiklerinin Afganistan’daki varlığı yirmi yıl devam etmesine rağmen Taliban yeniden güçlenmiştir. 29 Şubat 2020 tarihinde Doha’da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Taliban Olarak Bilinen Afganistan İslam Emirliği Arasında Afganistan’a Barış Getiren Anlaşma imzalanmıştır. ABD ile Taliban arasında yapılan iki taraflı antlaşmanın ardından 17 Kasım 2020 tarihinde ABD, Afganistan’dan çekileceğini açıklamıştır. 14 Nisan 2021 tarihinde ABD Başkanı Biden, Afganistan’dan tamamen çekilme kararı almıştır. Taliban’ın çatışmasız şekilde Kabil’i ele geçirmesiyle beraber, 15 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde Afganistan İslam Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti düşmüştür. Afganistan İslam Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti’nin düşmesiyle beraber fiili yönetim Taliban’ın eline geçmiştir. Çalışmamızda öncelikle dünden bugüne Taliban hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Ardından milletlerarası hukuk açısından tanıma türleri ve devletlerin tanınması ile hükümetlerin tanınması arasındaki farklar üzerinde durulacaktır. Daha sonra Taliban’ın hükümet olarak tanınıp tanınmayacağı meselesi irdelenecektir.

References

  • Addicott JF, ‘The 2020 Trump-Taliban Peace Agreement-Time to End the War on Terror’, (2020) 2021(11) Nebraska Law Review Bulletin, 1-17. google scholar
  • Azarkan E, ‘Devletlerin Tanınması ve 1933 Montevideo Sözleşmesi’, 2016 15(4) Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 1055-1068. google scholar
  • Azubuike L, ‘Status of Taliban and Al Quede Soldiers: Another Viewpoint’, (2003) 9(1) Connecticut Journal of International Law, 127-154. google scholar
  • Bagaric M and Morss J, ‘State Sovereignty and Migration Control: The Ultimate Act of Discrimination’, (2005-2006) 1(1) Journal of Migration and Refugee Issues, 25-50. google scholar
  • Chantal T, ‘What Does the Emerging International Law of Migration Mean for Sovereignty’, (2013) 14(2) Melbourne Journal of International Law, 392-450. google scholar
  • ---Convention on Rights and Duties of States Adopted by the Seventh International Conference of American States. Signed at Montevideo, December 26th, 1933, (1936) CLXV League of Nations Treaty Series, 21-31. google scholar
  • ---Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban, and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 467/2001 prohibiting the export of certain goods and services to Afghanistan, strengthening the flight ban and extending the freeze of funds and other financial resources in respect of the Taliban of Afghanistan, OJ 29.5.2002 L 139, 9-20. google scholar
  • ---Council Regulation (EU) No 754/2011 of 1 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban, OJ 2.8.2011 L 199, 23-32. google scholar
  • Crozat C, ‘Devletler Hukukunda Tanıma’, (1953) 19(1-2) İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 3-32. google scholar
  • Diana RPP, ‘Self-Defence against Non-State Actors: Possibility or Reality?’, (2021) 9 Revista de la Facultad de Jurisprudencia, 151-177. google scholar
  • ---DEİK-Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu Afganistan Ülke Bülteni 2012: https://www.deik.org.tr/ uploads/afganistan-ulke-bulteni.pdf (accessed 24.10.2021). google scholar
  • ---Durand Line Agreement November 12, 1893, Areement between Amir Abdur Rahman Khan GCSI and Sir Henry Martmer Durand, KCIE, CSI: https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/ document/papers/durandlineagrrement.htm (accessed 18.10.2021). google scholar
  • Ekşi N, Türkiye Avrupa Birliği Geri Kabul Antlaşması, (1st edn, Beta 2016). google scholar
  • Erdal S, ‘Uluslararası Hukukta Tanıma Kurumu ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyet Örneği’, (2005) 13(1) Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 157-196. google scholar
  • Giunchi E, ‘The Origins of the Dispute over the Durand Line’, (2013) 44(1-2) Internationales Asienforum, 25-46. google scholar
  • Hornbeck SK, ‘Recognition of Governments’, (1950) 44 Sixth Session, American Society of International Law Proceedings’, 181-191. google scholar
  • Khan AL, ‘Why the US Should Recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan’s Lawful Government’, September 13, 2021: https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/09/l-ali-khan-us-recognition-taliban-afghanistan-government/ (accessed 14.11.2021). google scholar
  • Kıran A, ‘Uluslararası Hukukta Devletleri Tanıma ve Tanıma Türleri’, (2017) 6(3) Social Sciences Studies Journal, 1083-1098. google scholar
  • Korsak TZ, ‘Recognition of Governments’, (1930) 11(3) University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 463-468. google scholar
  • Macias A, ‘Secretary of State Blinken calls Taliban ‘the de facto government of Afghanistan’, 13 September 2021: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/13/secretary-of-state-blinken-calls-taliban-the-de-facto-government-of-afghanistan.html (accessed 14.11.2021). google scholar
  • Mahmood T, ‘The Durand Line South Asia’s New Trouble Spot, Naval Postgraduate School Monterey’, June 2005 California Thesis: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36695656.pdf (18.10.2021). google scholar
  • Malanczuk P, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, (7th edn, Taylor & Francis Group 2002). google scholar
  • O’Brien JM, ‘State Recognition and “Termination” in Nineteenth-Century New England’, (in) Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States: A Sourcebook, Edited by Amy E. Den Ouden/Jean M. O’Brien,University of North Carolina Press 2013, s. 149-167. google scholar
  • Özkan I, Tanınmamış Devletlerin Yasa, Hukuki İşlem ve Kararlarının Tanınması, (1st edn, Oniki Levha 2017). google scholar
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk, (19th edn, Turhan 2020). google scholar
  • Peterson MJ, Recognition of Governments: Legal Doctrine and State Practice 1815-1995, (1st edn, Palgrave Macmillan 1997). google scholar
  • Rosand E, ‘The Security Council’s Efforts to Monitor the Implementation of Al Qaeda/Taliban Sanctions’, (2004) 98(3) American Journal of International Law, 745-763. google scholar
  • - --S/RES/1267 (1999) UN Security Council Resolution 1267(1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4051st meeting on 15 October 1999 15 October 1999: https://www.undocs.org/S/ RES/1267%20(1999) (accessed 18.10.2021). google scholar
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  • - --S/RES/1526 (2004) Resolution 1526(2004) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4908th meeting, on 30 January 2004: https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1526%20(2004) (accessed 19.10.2021). google scholar
  • Shaw MN, Uluslararası Hukuk, Çevirenler Yücel Acer/İbrahim Kaya/M. Turgut Demirtepe/G. Engin Şimşek, (8th edn, TÜBA Yayınları 2018). google scholar
  • Sönmez G, Bozbaş G and Konuşul S, ‘Afgan Talibanı: Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını’, (2020) 28 (2) Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (NEUSBF Dergisi), 59-77. google scholar
  • - --State Recognition under International Law, by Mariya Paliwala, February 10, 2020: https://blog. ipleaders.in/state-recognition/ (accessed 19.10.2021). google scholar
  • Sykes P, A History of Afghanistan, Volume 1 and 2, (2nd edn, Routledge 2017). google scholar
  • Şeyhanlıoğlu H, ‘18. Yüzyıldan Günümüze Kadar Afganistan’ın Jeostratejik Önemi’, (2008) 34(2) Avrasya Etüdleri, 61-82. google scholar
  • Taşdemir F, ‘Uluslararası Hukuk Perspektifinden 2011 Sonrası Döneminde Libya’da De Facto Rejim ve Yeni Hükümetin Tanınması Sorunu’, (2020) 8(16) Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 375-405. google scholar
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  • - --United Nations Security Council Consolidated List 18 October 2021: https://scsanctions. un.org/4p7uhen-all.html (accessed 18.10.2021). google scholar
  • Warbrick C, ‘Recognition of Governments’, (1993) 56(1) Modern Law Review, 92-97. google scholar
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nuray Ekşi 0000-0002-9727-7254

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 42 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ekşi, N. (2022). Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 53-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645
AMA Ekşi N. Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi. PPIL. June 2022;42(1):53-80. doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645
Chicago Ekşi, Nuray. “Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban Ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42, no. 1 (June 2022): 53-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645.
EndNote Ekşi N (June 1, 2022) Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42 1 53–80.
IEEE N. Ekşi, “Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi”, PPIL, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 53–80, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645.
ISNAD Ekşi, Nuray. “Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban Ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42/1 (June 2022), 53-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645.
JAMA Ekşi N. Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi. PPIL. 2022;42:53–80.
MLA Ekşi, Nuray. “Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban Ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 1, 2022, pp. 53-80, doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1030645.
Vancouver Ekşi N. Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Dünden Bugüne Taliban ve Taliban’ın Hükümet Olarak Tanınıp Tanınmayacağı Meselesi. PPIL. 2022;42(1):53-80.