Investigation of military personnels’ early maladaptive schemas and violence tendencies against women

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 49 - 63, 19.12.2020

Mustafa Duman Güliz Kolburan

Abstract

BMilitary profession is a very difficult profession. Psychology is becoming an important field of research. Therefore, the researches related to the description of the psychological conditions of the personnel performing this profession are very important. In this study, it is aimed to describe the early maladaptive schemas of military personnel and the tendencies of violence against women. The research was carried out with the screening method, which is one of the quantitative research techniques. The participants were, in Istanbul, Turkey, Ankara, Ankara, Balikesir and Hakkari are 417 military personnel over the age of 18 living in the province. Participants are determined according to certain criteria. These criteria are; Between October 2019 - January 2020, to perform military service in these 5 provinces, his job is to become a soldier, to volunteer to participate in the research. Data collection tools; Young Parenting Scale is Spann-Fischer Relationship Addiction Scale and Violence against Women Scale. Percentage, frequency and t-test were used in the analysis of the data. Looking at the findings in general, there is a differentiation in the tendency of military personnel in some perceived parenting styles towards violence against women.

Keywords

Violence tendency towards women, Early Maladaptive Schemas, parental attitudes, relationship addiction level

References

• Ainsworth M.S. and Bowlby J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. Am Psychol, 46, 333-341.
• Akan, Y. (2018). Şiddeti azaltma psiko-eğitim programının (ŞAPP) Kadına yönelik şiddet eğilimi olan erkeklerin saldırganlık, duygu yönetimi ve ilişki özyeterlik düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Doctoral Thesis. Mersin University, Turley.
• Akkuş, S. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında inşa edilen erkekliğin kadına yönelik fiziksel şiddet uygulamasının değerlendirilmesi: Manisa örneği. Master Thesis. Celal Bayar University, Turkey.
• Arntz, A. (2012). Schema Therapy for Cluster C personality disorders. van Vreeswijk, M., Broersen, J., & Nadort, M. (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: theory, research, and practice (pp. 397-414). United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
• Avagianou, P. and Zafiropoulou, M. (2008). Parental bonding and depression: Personality as a mediating factor, Dev Psychology, 20, 261-9.
• Barber, B. K., and Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In Barber, B. K. (Eds). Intrusive parenting: how psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
• Başbuğ, (Andiç) S. (2013). Ergenlik Döneminde Zihni Meşgul Eden Konularla İlgili Değişkenler: Bağlanma Tarzları, Öz-Şefkat ve Psikolojik Belirtiler. Master Thesis, Ankara University, Turkey.
• Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907.
• Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Davis, D. D. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders (2nd ed). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Beck, A., & Emery, G. (2006). Anksiyete Bozuklukları ve Fobiler. (Trans. Veysel Öztürk), İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
• Bornstein, R.F. (1992). The dependent personality: developmental, social, and clinical perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 3-23.
• Bornstein, R.F., & Languirand, M.A. (2003). Healthy dependency: Leaning on others without losing yourself. New York: Newmarket.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
• Boykin McElhaney, K. & Allen, JP. (2001). Autonomy and adolescent social functioning: The moderating effect of risk. Child Dev, 72, 220-235.
• Çelik, G. (2015). Eşi̇ne şi̇ddet uygulayan hükümlü erkekleri̇n özelli̇kleri̇ ve toplumsal ci̇nsi̇yet algıları. Doctoral Thesis. Hacettepe University, Turkey.
• Çetin, Ö.I. (2016). Genç erişkin erkeklerde şiddet eğilimi ve psikolojik durum ile ilişkisi. Master Thesis. İstanbul University, Turkey.
• Chaffin, M, Silovsky, JF, Funderburk, B. … (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: efficacy for reducing future abuse reports, J Consult Clin Psychol, 72, 500-10.
• DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Sionean, C., Cobb, B. K., Harrington, K., … Oh. M. K. (2001). Parental monitoring: Association with adolescent risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107, 1363–1368.
• Dobson, K.S. (Ed.). (2010). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. New York: Guilford Press.
• Dönmez, G. (2008). Evli erkeklerde eşlerine yönelik şiddet varlığının, türlerinin ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Doctoral Thesis. Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey.
• Dwairy, M., & Achoui, M. (2009). Parental control: A second cross- cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 16-22.
• Ergin, B. E., & Dağ, İ. (2013). Kişilerarası problem çözme davranışları, yetişkinlerdeki bağlanma yönelimleri ve psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkiler, Journal of Anatolian Psychiatry, 36-45.
• Fischer, J. L., Spann L., & Crawford, D. (1991). Measuring codependency. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 8, 87-100.
• Gürlek Yüksel, E. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ayrılma bireyleşme özellikleri ve etkileyen etmenler, Master Thesis, Celal Bayar University, Turkey.
• Kanbay, Y., Aslan, Ö., Işık, E., & Tektaş, P. (2017). İSKEBE Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Tutum Ölçeği (İSKEBE Tutum Ölçeği) geliştirme çalışması. Journal of Anatolian Psychiatry, 18(5), 453-459.
• Loukas, A., Paulos, S. K., & Robinson, S. (2005). Early adolescent social and overt agresión: Examining the roles of social anxiety and maternal psychological control. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(4), 335–345.
• McClun, LA and Merrell, KW (1998). Relationship of Perceived Parenting Styles, Locus of Control Orientation, and Self-Concept Among Junior High Age Students, Psychol Sch 3, 381-90.
• Milne, L.C. and Lancaster, S. (2001). Predictors of depression in female adolescents. Adolescence, 36, 207-223.
• Nelson, D. A., and Crick, N. R. (2002). Parental psychological control: Implications for childhood physical and relational aggression. In Barber, B. K. (ed.), Intrusive parenting: how psychological control affects children and adolescents. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
• Özbaran, B. (2004). Majör depresif bozukluğu olan ergenlerin ayrılma bireyleşme özelliklerinin ve anne baba tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Doctoral Thesis, Ege University, Turkey.
• Öztürk, A.B. (2014). Erkeklik ve kadına yönelik aile içi şiddet: Kadına yönelik şiddet eğilimi olan erkekler. Doctoral Thesis. Hacettepe University, Turkey.
• Pellerone, M., Tolini, G., & Polopoli C. (2016). Parenting, identity development, internalizing symptoms and alcohol use. A cross-sectional study in a group of Italian adolescents. Neuropsychiatric Disorder Treatment, 12, 1769–1778.
• Pincus, A. L., and Wilson, K. R. (2001). Interpersonal variability in dependent personality. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 224-251.
• Pomerantz, E. M. and Wang, Q. (2009). The role of parental control in children’s development in Western and East Asian countries. Current Directions in Psychological Science,18, 285-289.
• Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, P. D., & Young, E. J (2001). Schema therapy: Distinctive features. M. Şaşıoğlu Trans. (2011). Şema Terapi: Ayırıcı Özellikler. İstanbul: Psikonet Yayınları.
• Safran, J. (l990). Towards a refinement of cognitive therapy in light of interpersonal theory: I. theory. Clin Psychol Rev, 10, 87-105.
• Shah, R. and Waller, G. (2000). Parental style and vulnerability to depression: The role of core beliefs. J Nerv Ment Dis, 188, 19-25.
• Silverstein, LB, Auerbach, CF and Levant, RF (2002). Contemporary fathers reconstructing masculinity: Clinical implications of gender role strain, Prof Psychol Res Pr, 33, 361-9.
• Soygüt, G., Çakır Z. (2009). Ebeveynlik Biçimleri ile Psikolojik Belirtiler Arasındaki İlişkilerde Kişilerarası Şemaların Aracı Rolü: Şema Odaklı Bir Bakış, Turkish Journal of Psyschology, 20(2), 144-152.
• Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu A., Çakır Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3, Turkish journal of psychiatry 20(1), 75-84.
• Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B. and Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: a meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 65-98.
• Şahin Z. (2018). Aile içi şiddet mağduru olan kadınlarda kendilik algısı, psikopatoloji ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri. Master Thesis. Işık University, Turkey.
• Şahin E. M., Yetim D., & Öyeçkin, D. G. (2012). Edirne’de kadına yönelik eş şiddeti yaygınlığı ve kadınların şiddete karşı tutumları. Cumhuriyet Medicine Journal, 34, 23-32.
• Tanhan, F. & Mukba, G. (2014). A Psychometric Analysis Concerning the Turkish Version of the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale. Pamukkale University Education Faculty Journal, 36(2), 179-189.
• Tarçalır-Erol, B. (2015). Investigating early maladaptive schemas among secondary school children in regard to peer bullying and victimization. Master Thesis. Bahçeşehir University, Turkey.
• Tuzgöl Dost, M., Aytaç, M. & Kıbrıslıoğlu Uysal, N. (2019). Ebeveynlik biçiminin kişilik özellikleri, benlik saygisi ve yaşam doyumunu yordama gücü, E-Social Sciences Journal, 18(71), 1146-1165.
• Türkoğlu, B. (2013). Violence as a way of reconstructing manhood: The role of threatened manhood and masculine ideology on violence against women. Master Thesis. Middle East University, Turkey.
• Vural, F. (2018). Suriyeli sığınmacı evli kadınlara ve Türkiye’deki evli kadınlara yönelik erkek şiddeti: Kilis örneği. Master Thesis. Sakarya University, Turkey.
• Yavuzer, H. (2003) Çocuğu tanımak ve anlamak. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Yavuzer, H. (2011). Anne baba ve çocuk. 22nd ed, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Yoshida, T., Taga, C., Matsumoto, Y. ve ark. (2005). Paternal overprotection in obsessive compulsive disorder and depression with obsessive traits. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 59, 533-8.
• Young, J. & Klosko, J. S., (1994). Reinventing your life. New York: Plume.
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioners guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Young, J. ve Lindemann, M. (1992). An integrative schema-focused model for personality disorders. J Cognit Psychother, 6, 11-23.