The relationship between dark triad personality and bullying behavior on vocational high school students

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 105 - 118, 30.09.2024

Muhammad Azhar Dzahabi , İstiqomah İstiqomah

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881391

Abstract

Bullying is a verbal or nonverbal behavior perpetrated by one individual or group against another individual or group. The bullying phenomenon has been the focus of education for a long time. One of the factors that can induce bullying in the individual is personality. There are three dark personalities within humans known as the dark triad personality. This personality is made up of machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between each dimension of the dark triad personality and bullying behavior. The method used in the study is the quantitative method, with the subject of 77 vocational students (15-20 years) who are ranked in the bully. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling. The data was analyzed using spearman's rho's correlation. Research shows that there is a relationship in two dimensions of the dark triad personality with bullying behavior. Narcissism has the most positive relationships with bullying behavior and is followed by a psychopathy who has a positive relationship with bullying behavior. Additionally, studies also show that machiavellianism has no positive correlations with bullying. In order to reduce bullying behavior in schools, this can be done by integrating character education into the school curriculum to teach values such as empathy, respect and responsibility.

Keywords

bullying,, dark triad personality, vocational student

References

• Adrianty, N. A., Firdaus, F., & Ismail, I. (2023). The Influence of the Dark Triad Personality on Bullying Behavior in Adolescents. Journal of Correctional Issues, 6(2), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.52472/jci.v6i2.264
• Afidah, N. (2019). Pengaruh Dark Triad Personality Terhadap Depresi Pada Mahasiswa Psikologi. (Bachelor's Thesis, University of Semarang).
• Agoes, I. I., & Lewoleba, K. K. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Korban Perundungan (Bullying) yang Terjadi di Lingkungan Pendidikan. National Conference on Law Studies, 5(1), 589-609.
• Aminah, A., & Nurdiannah, F. (2019). Pengaruh Teman Sebaya Terhadap Perilaku Bullying Siswa. Jurnal Eksplorasi Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 1(1), 1–10. http://journal.unucirebon.ac.id/index.php/JEBK
• Anggara, D. S., & Abdillah, C. (2019). Field research methods module. FKIP Universias Pamulang, 1–219.
• Armitage, R. (2021). Bullying in children: Impact on child health. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000939
• Asih, S. R., & Lutfiyah. (2023). The Dark Triad Personality in Relation to Cyberbullying: The Role of Self-Esteem as a Mediator. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 38(1), 038104. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v38i1.4113
• Astuti, P. R. (2008). Meredam Bullying: 3 cara efektif menanggulangi kekerasan pada anak. Jakarta: Grasindo.
• Azwar, S. (2010). Metode Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
• Azwar, S. (2013). Reliabilitas dan validitas (4th ed.). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
• Banowati, A. T., & Nugraha, S. (2022). Pengaruh Kepribadian Dark Triad terhadap Perilaku Cyberbullying pada Pengguna Media Sosial. Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science, 2(3), 682–689. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v2i3.2879
• Baughman, H. M., Dearing, S., Giammarco, E., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). Relationships between bullying behaviours and the Dark Triad: A study with adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 571–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.020
• Bereczkei, T. (2017). Machiavellianism: The Physchology of Manipulation. London: Routledge.
• Bochen, W., Cancan, J. I. N., Baobao, Z., & Aitong, J. I. (2020). Relationship among dark triad, peer relationship and cyber-bullying of middle school students. Chinese journal of school health, 41(2), 243-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2020.02.022
• Brank, E. M., Hoetger, L. A., & Hazen, K. P. (2012). Bullying. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173820
• Cheraghi, A., & Piskin, M. (2011). A comparison of peer bullying among high school students in Iran and Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2510–2520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.137
• Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
• Cleckley, H. M. (1976). The mask of sanity: An attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality (5th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
• CNN Indonesia. (2023). Kemendikbud: 24.4 Persen siswa Berpotensi Alami Perundungan di Sekolah. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230824191938-20-990167/kemendikbud-244-persen-siswa- berpotensi-alami-perundungan-di-sekolah
• Coloroso, B. (2006). Penindas, tertindas, dan penonton: Resep memutus rantai kekerasan anak dari prasekolah hingga smu. Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
• Dåderman, A. M., & Ragnestål-Impola, C. (2019). Workplace bullies, not their victims, score high on the Dark Triad and Extraversion, and low on Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility. Heliyon, 5(10), e02609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02609
• Durgel, E. S., Vijver, F. J. R. van de, & Yagmurlu, B. (2013). Self-reported maternal expectations and child-rearing practices. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025412456145
• Davis, A. C., Farrell, A. H., Brittain, H., Krygsman, A., Arnocky, S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022). The dark triad and bullying in adolescence: A three-wave random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis. Journal of research in personality, 96, 104-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104178
• Egorova, M. S., & Adamovich, T. . (2018). Dark Triad As A Predictor Of Bullying In High School Students. International Conference on Psychology and Education, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.11.02.24
• Fanti, K. A., & Frangou, G. (2018). Narcissism and Bullying. Handbook of Trait Narcissism. Springer.
• Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2015). Effects of Self-Esteem and Narcissism on Bullying and Victimization During Early Adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613519498
• Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and justice, 17, 381-458.
• Fatima, I. (2016). Dark Triad Personality Traits as Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Adolescents. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 26(1).
• Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2012). Teori Kepribadian (7th ed.). Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
• Franke, R. H., Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1991). Cultural roots of economic performance: A research noteA. Strategic Management Journal, 12(S1), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120912
• Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2008). Kepribadian Teori Klasik dan Riset Modern (3th ed.). Jakarta: Erlangga.
• Geertz, H. (1992). Keluarga Jawa. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers
• Habibah, D. R. (2023). Peranan Dark Trait Personality Terhadap Problematic Social Media Use. Jurnal Inovasi Ilmu Pendidikan, 1(1), 84–96.
• Haraldstad, K., Kvarme, L. G., Christophersen, K. A., & Helseth, S. (2019). Associations between self-efficacy, bullying and health-related quality of life in a school sample of adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7115-4
• Hare, R. D. (1985). Comparison of Procedures for the Assessment of Psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.1.7
• Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare psychopathy checklist – revised. (PCL – R; 2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
• Hasanati, N., & Istiqomah. (2018). Validasi Alat Ukur Short Dark Triad Personality (SD3). Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
• Hasbullah, M. (2012). Karakter Siswa SMK Negeri 1 Samigaluh Kulonprogo Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
• Horváth, L. O., Balint, M., Ferenczi-Dallos, G., Farkas, L., Gadoros, J., Gyori, D., Kereszteny, A., Meszaros, G.,
• Szentivanyi, D., Velo, S., Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, D., & Balazs, J. (2018). Direct self-injurious behavior (D-SIB) and life events among vocational school and high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061068
• Huang, Y., Gan, X., Jin, X., Rao, S., Guo, B., He, Z., & Wei, Z. (2023). The relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying among Chinese adolescents: the role of social exclusion and sense of control. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(July), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173860
• Husamah. (2015). A to Z Kamus Psikologi Super Lengkap. Andi Offset.
• Jan, A., & Husain, S. (2015). Bullying in Elementary Schools: Its Causes and Effects on Students. 6(19), 43–57.
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (Eds.). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93–108). New York, NY: Guilford.
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 249-268). New York, NY: Wiley.
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 679–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
• Jones, D., & Paulhus, D. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissists and psychopaths. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12-18.
• Kanda, A. S., & Rosulliya, S. (2024). Dampak Bullying Terhadap Perubahan Perilaku Pada Korban Bullying di SMK PGRI 2 Kota Cimahi. Jurnal Ilmiah Research Student, 1(3), 507–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61722/jirs.v1i3.628
• Karim, B. A. (2020). Teori Kepribadian dan Perbedaan Individu. Education and Learning Journal, 1(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.33096/eljour.v1i1.45
• Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. (2021). Data Kasus Perlindungan Anak 2016 – 2020. https://bankdata.kpai.go.id/tabulasi-data/data-kasus-perlindungan-anak-2016-2020
• Korua, S. F., Kanime, E., & Bidjuni, H. (2015). Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua Dengan Perilaku Bullying Pada Remaja SMK Negeri 1 Manado. Jurnal Keperawatan, 3(2), 1–7.
• Lim, V. C. (2021). Dark triad personality: Pengaruh Machiavellianism, narcissism, dan psychopathy terhadap perilaku kenakalan remaja laki-laki tingkat akhir di Jabodetabek (Bachelor's Thesis, Pelita Harapan University).
• Luthans, F. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi. Yogyakarta: ANDI
• Masitah, & Minauli, I. (2012). Hubungan kontrol diri dan iklim sekolah dengan perilaku bullying. Analitika, 4(2), 69–77. http://www.ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/analitika/article/view/778
• Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
• Mulder, N. (1992). Individual and society in Java: A cultural analysis (2nd ed.). Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
• Mulder, N. (2000). Inside Southeast Asia: Religion, Everyday Life, Cultural Change. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
• Mutoharoh, M. (2023). Pengaruh Self-esteem dan Narsisme Terhadap Agresivitas Siswa-siswi di SMA IT Yabis Bontang. (Bachelor's Thesis, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University).
• Norvian, A. (2017). Hubungan Antara Fungsi Keluarga Dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Bullying Pada Remaja Muslim Kelas IX SMP Negeri 3 Palembang. (Sripsi Sarjana, UIN Raden Fatah Palembang).
• Panatik, S. A., Raof, N. N. A., Nordin, N. A., Yusof, J., & Shahrin, R. (2022). Effect of Dark Triad Personality on Cyberbullying Behavior among Malaysian University Students. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 25, 26-44.
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
• Pineda, D., Rico-Bordera, P., Martínez-Martínez, A., Galán, M., & Piqueras, J. A. (2022). Dark tetrad personality traits also play a role in bullying victimization. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984744
• Polanin, M., & Vera, E. (2013). Bullying Prevention and Social Justice. Theory into Practice, 52(4), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.829736
• Raharjo, S. P. (2023). Hubungan Dark Triad dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Bullying Mahasiswa Universitas Nusa Cendana. (Bachelor's Thesis, Nusa Cendana University).
• Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
• Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A Principal-Components Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
• Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The Dark Triad and Interpersonal Perception: Similarities and Differences in the Social Consequences of Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611427608
• Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How “dark” are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
• Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Thomaes, S., Goossens, F., Olthof, T., Aleva, L., & Van der Meulen, M. (2016). Narcissism, Bullying, and Social Dominance in Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9974-1
• Resett, S., González Caino, P., & Ireland, J. L. (2022). Bullying in prisons in Argentina: a study of personality, mental health and attitudes. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 33(4), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2022.2085149
• Rhodewalt, F., & Peterson, B. (2009). Narcissism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 547–560). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Rigby, K. (2003). Consequences of Bullying in Schools. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800904
• Rizal, I., & Handayani, B. (2021). GAMBARAN KEPRIBADIAN GELAP (DARK TRIAD PERSONALITY) PADA PENGGUNA MEDIA SOSIAL. Al-Hikmah: Jurnal Agama Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, 18(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.25299/al-hikmah:jaip.2021.vol18(1).5564
• Roberson, A. J., & Renshaw, T. L. (2018). Structural Validity of the HBSC Bullying Measure: Self-Report Rating Scales of Youth Victimization and Perpetration Behavior. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(6), 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282917696932
• Sadeghi, L., & Alizadehfard, S. (2022). Predicting bullying behavior of students based on dark triad of personality and time perspective. Journal of School Psychology, 11(3), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.22098/jsp.2022.1823
• Salmivalli, C., Laninga-Wijnen, L., Malamut, S. T., & Garandeau, C. F. (2021). Bullying Prevention in Adolescence: Solutions and New Challenges from the Past Decade. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 1023–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12688
• Sari, B. L., & Andriani, Y. (2022). Empathy as a Mediator of the Effect of Dark Triad Personality, Social Support, and Demographic Factors on Cyberbullying Behavior in SMAN 10 Depok Students. ‎‎‎TAZKIYA Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v10i2.24988
• Sarwono, S. W. (1991). Pengantar Umum Psikoogi. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
• Sekol, I., & Farrington, D. P. (2016). Personal characteristics of bullying victims in residential care for youth. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 8(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-11-2015-0198
• Setiyanawati, T. (2023). Perilaku Bullying Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Lingkungan Sekolah. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 3(5), 1135-1148.
• Smith, P. B., Peterson, M. F., Schwartz, S. H., Ahmad, A. H., Akande, D., Andersen, J. A., Ayestaran, S., Bochner, S., Callan, V., Davila, C., Ekelund, B., François, P. H., Graversen, G., Harb, C., Jesuino, J., Kantas, A., Karamushka, L.,
• Koopman, P., Leung, K., … Yanchuk, V. (2002). Cultural values, sources of guidance, and their relevance to managerial behavior: A 47-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(2), 188–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033002005
• Smith, P., & Brain, P. (2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two. Aggressive Behavior, 26(March 1999), 1–9.
• Spain, S. M., Harms, P., & LeBreton, J. M. (2014). The Dark Side of Personality at Work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 41–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1894
• Tam, H. L., & Ha, N. M. (2023). The Impact of Employee’s Dark-Triad traits on Workplace Bullying: A study in Viet Nam. Journal of Logistics, Informatics and Service Science, 10(1), 298–320. https://doi.org/10.33168/LISS.2023.0117
• Tambaru, A., T. (2021). Perbandingan Social Support dan Hope Sebagai Prediktor Terhadap Adaptabilitas Karir Siswa SMA dan SMK. (Bachelor's Thesis, Bosowa University of Makassar).
• Trisnani, R. P., & Wardani, S. Y. (2016). Perilaku Bullying Di Sekolah. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31316/g.couns.v1i1.37
• Turnipseed, D. L., & Landay, K. (2018). The role of the dark triad in perceptions of academic incivility. Personality and Individual Differences, 135(July), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.029
• UNICEF Indonesia. (2021). Indonesia: Ratusan anak dan remaja menyerukan kebaikan dan diakhirinya perundungan. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/siaran-pers/indonesia-ratusan-anak-dan-remaja-menyerukan-kebaikan-dan-diakhirinya-perundungan
• Usman, I. (2013). Kepribadian, Komunikasi, Kelompok Teman Sebaya, Iklim Sekolah Dan Perilaku Bullying. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 10(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v10i1.328
• Van Der Kroef, J. M. (1953). Collectivism In Indonesian Society. Social Research, 20(2), 193–209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40969484
• van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F., & Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the Big Five, Dark Triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063
• Vedel, A., & Thomsen, D. K. (2017). The Dark Triad across academic majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.030
• Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Fischer, S. M., Schubarth, W., & Wright, M. F. (2018). Students’ willingness to intervene in bullying: Direct and indirect associations with classroom cohesion and self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112577
• Widaningtyas, L., & Sugito, S. (2022). Perspektif Orang Tua dan Guru Mengenai Bullying Pada Anak Usia Dini di Taman Kanak-kanak. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 2910–2928. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.2313
• Wijayanti, W. A., & Nusantoro, E. (2022). Hubungan antara kepercayaan diri dengan perilaku asertif dalam menyampaikan pendapat di kelas pada siswa smpn 21 semarang. Indonesian Journal of Guidance and Counseling: Theory and Application, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijgc.v11i1.54911
• Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to The Challange of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Research Press.
• Williams, K. M., & Paulhus, D. L. (2004). Factor structure of the self-report psychopathy scale in non-forensic samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 765–778.
• Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(9), 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
• Wu, J., & Lebreton, J. M. (2011). Reconsidering the dispositional basis of counterproductive work behavior: The role of aberrant personality. Personnel Psychology, 64(3), 593–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01220.x
• Yosep, I., Hikmat, R., Mardhiyah, A., Hazmi, H., & Hernawaty, T. (2022). Method of Nursing Interventions to Reduce the Incidence of Bullying and Its Impact on Students in School: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Switzerland), 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101835
• Zahroh, F. (2023). Collectivism-Individualism dan Prosocial Behavior Pada Remaja. 1, 40–47.
• Zakiyah, E. Z., Humaedi, S., & Santoso, M. B. (2017). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Remaja Dalam Melakukan Bullying. Prosiding Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 4(2), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v4i2.14352
• Zhu, Y., & Jin, C. (2021). A meta-analysis of the relationship between the Dark Triad and aggressive behaviors. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(7), 1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.01195