Decrease in Range of Motion and Problem in Learning of a New Sport Skill Subsequently Weight Training in Weightlifters

Abstract

The aim of this study was survey of relationship between decrease in range of motion with learning of a new sport skill in people who they had experience of weight training. This research was been by pre-test, three acquisition test, retention test and transfer test, with two group experimental (n=18 weightlifters) and control (n=20 non weightlifters). Data was collected by Universal Goniometer and AHHPERD overhand volley ball serve. All of participants did same schedule program with 120 trials (40 trials in 3 sessions). Date analysis was showed that weight lifters shoulder’s range of motion was significantly (p<0.05) less than control group. Also diversity of performance from pre-test to retention and transfer test not indicated that weight lifters learned skill which practiced it, whereas this result showed that non-weightlifters learned volleyball serve. So we could say that weight lifters worse performed than non-weight lifters in learning of a new sport skill.

Keywords

• flexibility, Glenohumeral Joint, weight lifters, motor learning

References

1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Med & Fitness. (2001). Strength Training by Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 107(6), pp: 1470-1472.
2. American Alliance for Health Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. (1969). AAHPERD volleyball skill test manual. Reston, VA: AAHPERD.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. (2005). ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (7th Ed). Health-Related Physical Testing and Interpretation. Lippincon Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp: 55-89.
4. Barlow, J.C., Brain, W.B., Birt, P.J., Hughes, C.J. (2002). Shoulder Strength and Range Of Motion Characteristics in Bodybuilders. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(3), pp: 367-372.
5. Beckung, E., Hagberg, G. (2002). Neuroimpairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, pp: 309-16.
6. Bland, M.D., Beebe, J.A., Hardwick, D.D., Lang, C.E. (2008). Restricted Active Range of Motion at the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, or Fingers Decreases Hand Function. J Hand Therapy, 21, pp: 268–75.
7. Calhoon, G., Fry, C. (1999). Injury Rates and Profiles of Elite Competitive Weightlifters. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(3), pp: 232-238.
8. Cantell, M.H., Crawford, S.G., Doyle-Parker, P.K. (2008). Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence. Human Movement Science, 27, pp: 344–362.

9. Chan, H., Lau, P,. Fong, K., Poon, D., Lam, C. (2005). Neuroimpairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction among children with cerebral palsy in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medicine Journal, 11, pp: 342-50.
10. Chandler, T.J., Kibler, W.B., Uhl, T.L., Wooten, B., Kiser, A., Stone, E. (1990). Flexibility comparisons of junior elite tennis player to other athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(2), pp: 134-136.
11. Chang, D.E., Buschbacher, L.P., Edlich, R.F. (1988). Limited joint mobility in power lifters. Am J Sports Med, 16(3), pp: 280-4.
12. Chiu, L.Z.F., Schiling, B.K. (2005). A primer on weightlifting: From Sport to sport Training. Strength & Con J, 27(1), pp: 42-48.
13. Cooper, J.E., Shwedyk, E., Quanbury, A.O., Miller, J., Hildebrand, D. (1993). Elbow joint restriction: effect of functional upper limb motion during performance of three feeding activities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74, pp: 805–9.
14. Corrao, M., Kolber, M.J., Wilson, S.H. (2009). Addressing Posterior Shoulder Tightness in the Athletic Population. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 31(6), pp: 61-65.
15. Crockett, H.C. (2002). Osseus adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(1), pp: 20-26.
16. Daneshmandi, H., Rahmaninia, F., Shahrokhi, H., Rahmani, P., Esmaeili, S. (2010). Shoulder joint flexibility in top athletes. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 3, pp: 811-815.
17. Daneshmandi, H., Shacklady, C, (2002). Hip rotation flexibility in professional athletes. International Journal of Collected Academic Articles, 1, pp: 81-88.
18. Dorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E., Karni, A. (2009). Sex differences in motor performance and motor learning in children and adolescents: An increasing male advantage in motor learning and consolidation phase gains. Behavioural Brain Research, 198(1), pp: 165-171.
19. Gross, M.L., Brenner, S.L,, Edfornes, I., Sonzogni, J.J, (1993). Anterior shoulder instability in weightlifters. American Journal of Sport Medicine, 21(4), pp: 599-603.
20. Haga, M. (2008). Physical fitness in children with movement difficulties. Physiotherapy, 94, pp: 253–259.
21. Haga, M. (2009). Physical Fitness in Children With High Motor Competence Is Different From That in Children With Low Motor Competence. Physical Therapy, 89(10), pp: 1089-97.
22. Hall, S.J., Martin, M. (2002). Sport injury management. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
23. Hammond, J. (1995). Investigation into the characteristics of children with motor difficulties: A holistic approach. Doctoral Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.
24. Hands, B. (2008). Changes in motor skill and fitness measures among children with high and low motor competence: A fiveyear longitudinal study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(2), pp:155-162.
25. Hands. B., Larkin, D. (2006). Physical fitness differences in children with and without motor learning difficults. European Journal of Specific Needs Education, 21(4), pp: 447-56.
26. Kanehisa, H., Funato, K., Abem T., Fukunaga, T. (2005). Profiles of muscularity in junior Olympic weightlifters. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(1), pp: 77- 83.
27. Kaplan, K.M., Elattrache, N.S., Jobe, F.W., Morrey, B.F., Kaufman, K.R., Hurd, W.J. (2011). Comparison of Shoulder Range of Motion, Strength, and Playing Time in Uninjured High School Baseball Pitchers Who Reside in Warm- and Cold-Weather Climates. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, pp: 320-328.
28. Kibler, W.B. (1995). Clinical examination of the shoulder: Athletic injuries of the shoulder. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York.
29. Kolber, M.J., Beekhuizen, K.S., Cheng, M.S., Hellman, M.A. (2009). Shoulder joint and muscle characteristics in the recreational weight training population. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), pp: 148–157.
30. Kolber, M.J., Corrao, M.(2011). Shoulder joint and muscle characteristics among healthy female recreational weight training participants. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(1), pp: 231–241.
31. Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sorensen, F., Andersson, G., Jorgenson, K. (1987). Standardized Nordic Questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied Ergonomics, 18(3), pp: 233-237.
32. Murnagham, J.P. (1998). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: current concepts and treatment. Orthopedics, 11, pp: 153–158.
33. Neviaser, T.J. (1991). Weight lifting: risks and injuries to the shoulder. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 10, pp: 615-621.
34. Norkin, C.C., White, D.J. (1995). Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry (2nd edition). Philadelphia PA: FA Davis Company.
35. O'Beirne, C., & Larkin, D. (1991). Fitness characteristics of clumsy children. Poster presented at the 8th IFAPA International Symposium, Miami, Florida.
36. Perrot, A., Bertsch, J.(2007). Role of Age in Relation Between Two Kinds of Abilities and Performance in Acquisition of New Motor Skill. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 104(1), pp: 91-101.
37. Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., Bax, M. (2007). A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49 (109), pp: 8-14.
38. Schmidt, R.A. (1991). Motor Learning and Performance to Practice to Practice. Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, Illinois.
39. Starkey, D.B., Pollock, M.L., Ishida, Y., Welsch, M.A., Brechue, W.F., Graves, J.E., Feigenbaum, M.S. (1996). Effect of resistance training volume on strength and muscle thickness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, pp: 1311–1320.
40. Tovin, B.J., Greenfield, B.H. (2001). Evaluation and treatment of the shoulder: an integration of the guide to physical therapist practice. F. A. Davis Company: Philadelphia, pp: 55-72.
41. Weeks, D. L. Sherwood, D. E. (1994). A comparison of knowledge of results scheduling methods for promoting motor skill acquisition and retention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(2), pp: 136-142.
42. Wilk, K.E., Arrigo, C.A., Andrews, J.R. (1997). Current concepts: the stabilizing structures of the glenohumeral joint. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25(6), pp: 364- 79.
43. Williams, S.M. (1991). Handedness Inventories: Edinburgh versus Annett. Neuropsychology, 5(1), pp: 43-48.