Research Article

Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation

Number: 38 December 28, 2018
  • Ali Bilge Cankorel
TR EN

Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation

Abstract

World War-I was considerably about the territorial partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The Allied powers of Great Britain and France had offered, apart from their own shares, Istanbul, Turkish Straits of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, parts of the eastern Black Sea coast-line and of Eastern Anatolia to Russia, while promising Greece the Aegean coast including İzmir (Smyrnia), also planning the establishment of carved-out Armenian and Greek-Pontus states. The Mudros Armistice Treaty of 30 October 1918 and the Sèvres Peace Treaty of 10 August 1920 officialised these secret arrangements upon the defeat of the Central Powers, whereas the Ottoman Parliament would never ratify the Sèvres Treaty, thereby rendering it defunct.

The Turkish National Resistance against the occupying Powers and the surrendering of the Istanbul Government was led by General Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). However, the Eastern Front under General Kazım Karabekir’s command deserves the credit for setting the stage at the Erzurum People’s Congress of July 1919 for the launching of the Resistance Movement under Mustafa Kemal’s leadership in defiance of orders from the surrendering Istanbul Government and against the Allied Governments. Karabekir’s military victories leading to the retrieval of all eastern Anatolian territory from the occupying Russian and Armenian forces as well as the protection his forces extended to Azerbaijan against Russian-British-Armenian aggression would win him the popular reputation as the “Savior of the East”. His military victories in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus would be sealed by the peace treaties of Gyumri and Kars which he negotiated with Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, drawing current borders. 

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

-

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Publication Date

December 28, 2018

Submission Date

September 5, 2018

Acceptance Date

October 29, 2018

Published in Issue

Year 2018 Number: 38

APA
Cankorel, A. B. (2018). Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation. Review of Armenian Studies, 38, 65-116. https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB
AMA
1.Cankorel AB. Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation. RAS. 2018;(38):65-116. https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB
Chicago
Cankorel, Ali Bilge. 2018. “Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation”. Review of Armenian Studies, nos. 38: 65-116. https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB.
EndNote
Cankorel AB (December 1, 2018) Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation. Review of Armenian Studies 38 65–116.
IEEE
[1]A. B. Cankorel, “Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation”, RAS, no. 38, pp. 65–116, Dec. 2018, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB
ISNAD
Cankorel, Ali Bilge. “Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation”. Review of Armenian Studies. 38 (December 1, 2018): 65-116. https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB.
JAMA
1.Cankorel AB. Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation. RAS. 2018;:65–116.
MLA
Cankorel, Ali Bilge. “Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation”. Review of Armenian Studies, no. 38, Dec. 2018, pp. 65-116, https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB.
Vancouver
1.Ali Bilge Cankorel. Contributions Of The Turkish Eastern Army Under General Kazim Karabekir’s Command To Turkish National Resistance And Peace-Making With The Caucasian Republics At World War-I And The Following Turkish War Of Liberation. RAS [Internet]. 2018 Dec. 1;(38):65-116. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA29BJ64GB