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THE ENDOGENOUS MONEY HYPOTHESIS: KYRGYZSTAN CASE

Year 2022, Issue: 94, 44 - 53, 15.08.2022

Abstract

The endogeneity of the money supply is one of the most discussed topics in the literature. Especially important discussions have been made between monetarists and post-Keynesians on this subject and many empirical studies have been published. Traditional theory assumes that the money supply is determined by the central bank. Because the money multiplier is fixed, monetarists believed that the central bank determines the money supply exogenously. On the other hand, the endogeneity hypothesis of the money supply argues that the money supply is determined endogenously within the economy. During the independence period, the banking system in Kyrgyzstan also develops with many problems. The Central Bank carries out the necessary policies to stabilize the money market. However, there are opinions that the policy opportunity of the central bank will be very limited in an open economy when the money supply is determined endogenously. Therefore, this study aims to test the hypothesis in Kyrgyzstan. Causality relationships between variables were examined using quarterly data from 2000-2020. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the endogeneity hypothesis is not valid in Kyrgyzstan. It has also been found that the monetary base and money supply affect the credit volume.

References

  • Bachurewicz G. R. (2019). “The Post-Keynesian endogenous-money supply: evidence from Poland”. Review of Keynesian Economics. 7:3, pp. 402-418. doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.03.09
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2009). “Money Supply Behaviour in Emerging Economies: a Comparative Analysis”. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 14:4, pp. 331-350.
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2013). “Post-Keynesian Money Endogeneity Evidence in G-7 Economies”. Journal of International Money and Finance. 33, pp. 146-162.
  • Cepni O. & Guney I. E. (2017). “Endogeneity of Money Supply: Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Finance & Banking Studies. 6:1, pp. 1-10. doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.680
  • Fontana G. (2004). “Rethinking Endogenous Money: a Constructive Interpretation of the Debate between Accommodationists and Structuralists”. Metroeconomica. 55:4, pp. 367-385.
  • Gavrovska M.M. & Slaveski T. (2019). “The Long-Run and Short-Run Endogeneity of Money Supply in the Republic of Macedonia: An Empirical Analysis”. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, pp. 71-83.
  • Howells P.G.A. (1995). “The Demand for Endogenous Money”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:1, pp. 89-106.
  • Işik S. & Kahyaoğlu H. (2011). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Money, Investment and Banking. 19, pp. 61-71.
  • Lopreite M. (2012). “The endogenous money hypothesis and securitization: the Euro area case (1999–2010)”. Economics Department Working Papers 2012-EP02. Department of Economics, Parma University (Italy). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2084197.
  • Lopreite M. (2015). “Endogenous money and securitization. An analysis on United States (1999–2012)”. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. X:1(31), pp. 142-151.
  • McLeay M., Radia A., Thomas R. (2014). “Money Creation in the Modern Economy”. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin. Q1, pp. 14-27.
  • Moore B. (1989). “The Endogeneity of Credit Money”. Review of Political Economy. 1:1, pp. 64-93.
  • Palley T. (1996). “Accommodationism Versus Structuralism: Time for an Accommodation”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:4, pp. 585-594.
  • Palley T. (1998). “Accommodationism, Structuralism and Superstructuralism.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 21:1, pp. 171-173.
  • Pollin R. (1991). “Two Theories of Money Supply Endogeneity: Some Empirical Evidence”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 13:3, pp. 366-396.
  • Shanmugam B., Nair M., Li O.W. (2003). “The endogenous money hypothesis: empirical evidence from Malaysia (1985-2000)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 25:4, pp. 599-611.
  • Tas B. K. O. & Togay S. (2012). “A direct test of the endogeneity of money: Implications for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries”. Economic Modelling. 29:3, pp. 577-585. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.12.015
  • Vera A. (2001). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Spain (1987–1998)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 23, pp. 509-526.
  • Vymyatnina Y. (2006). “How Much Control Does Bank of Russia Have Over Money Supply?”. Research in International Business and Finance. 20, pp. 131-144.
  • Yurtkur A.K. (2019). “Para Arzının İçselliği Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz (2006-2018)”. UİİİD-IJEAS 24, ss. 131-150.
  • Малкина М.Ю., Моисеев И.А. (2020). «Эндогенность предложения денег в российской экономике в условиях смены монетарного режима». Финансовый журнал. 12:3, с. 8-27. DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2020-3-8-27
  • Трунин П.В., Ващелюк Н.В. (2015). «Анализ эндогенности предложения денег в России». Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 1:25, с. 103-131.

THE ENDOGENOUS MONEY HYPOTHESIS: KYRGYZSTAN CASE

Year 2022, Issue: 94, 44 - 53, 15.08.2022

Abstract

The endogeneity of the money supply is one of the most discussed topics in the literature. Especially important discussions have been made between monetarists and post-Keynesians on this subject and many empirical studies have been published. Traditional theory assumes that the money supply is determined by the central bank. Because the money multiplier is fixed, monetarists believed that the central bank determines the money supply exogenously. On the other hand, the endogeneity hypothesis of the money supply argues that the money supply is determined endogenously within the economy. During the independence period, the banking system in Kyrgyzstan also develops with many problems. The Central Bank carries out the necessary policies to stabilize the money market. However, there are opinions that the policy opportunity of the central bank will be very limited in an open economy when the money supply is determined endogenously. Therefore, this study aims to test the hypothesis in Kyrgyzstan. Causality relationships between variables were examined using quarterly data from 2000-2020. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the endogeneity hypothesis is not valid in Kyrgyzstan. It has also been found that the monetary base and money supply affect the credit volume.

References

  • Bachurewicz G. R. (2019). “The Post-Keynesian endogenous-money supply: evidence from Poland”. Review of Keynesian Economics. 7:3, pp. 402-418. doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.03.09
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2009). “Money Supply Behaviour in Emerging Economies: a Comparative Analysis”. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 14:4, pp. 331-350.
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2013). “Post-Keynesian Money Endogeneity Evidence in G-7 Economies”. Journal of International Money and Finance. 33, pp. 146-162.
  • Cepni O. & Guney I. E. (2017). “Endogeneity of Money Supply: Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Finance & Banking Studies. 6:1, pp. 1-10. doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.680
  • Fontana G. (2004). “Rethinking Endogenous Money: a Constructive Interpretation of the Debate between Accommodationists and Structuralists”. Metroeconomica. 55:4, pp. 367-385.
  • Gavrovska M.M. & Slaveski T. (2019). “The Long-Run and Short-Run Endogeneity of Money Supply in the Republic of Macedonia: An Empirical Analysis”. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, pp. 71-83.
  • Howells P.G.A. (1995). “The Demand for Endogenous Money”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:1, pp. 89-106.
  • Işik S. & Kahyaoğlu H. (2011). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Money, Investment and Banking. 19, pp. 61-71.
  • Lopreite M. (2012). “The endogenous money hypothesis and securitization: the Euro area case (1999–2010)”. Economics Department Working Papers 2012-EP02. Department of Economics, Parma University (Italy). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2084197.
  • Lopreite M. (2015). “Endogenous money and securitization. An analysis on United States (1999–2012)”. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. X:1(31), pp. 142-151.
  • McLeay M., Radia A., Thomas R. (2014). “Money Creation in the Modern Economy”. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin. Q1, pp. 14-27.
  • Moore B. (1989). “The Endogeneity of Credit Money”. Review of Political Economy. 1:1, pp. 64-93.
  • Palley T. (1996). “Accommodationism Versus Structuralism: Time for an Accommodation”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:4, pp. 585-594.
  • Palley T. (1998). “Accommodationism, Structuralism and Superstructuralism.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 21:1, pp. 171-173.
  • Pollin R. (1991). “Two Theories of Money Supply Endogeneity: Some Empirical Evidence”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 13:3, pp. 366-396.
  • Shanmugam B., Nair M., Li O.W. (2003). “The endogenous money hypothesis: empirical evidence from Malaysia (1985-2000)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 25:4, pp. 599-611.
  • Tas B. K. O. & Togay S. (2012). “A direct test of the endogeneity of money: Implications for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries”. Economic Modelling. 29:3, pp. 577-585. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.12.015
  • Vera A. (2001). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Spain (1987–1998)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 23, pp. 509-526.
  • Vymyatnina Y. (2006). “How Much Control Does Bank of Russia Have Over Money Supply?”. Research in International Business and Finance. 20, pp. 131-144.
  • Yurtkur A.K. (2019). “Para Arzının İçselliği Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz (2006-2018)”. UİİİD-IJEAS 24, ss. 131-150.
  • Малкина М.Ю., Моисеев И.А. (2020). «Эндогенность предложения денег в российской экономике в условиях смены монетарного режима». Финансовый журнал. 12:3, с. 8-27. DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2020-3-8-27
  • Трунин П.В., Ващелюк Н.В. (2015). «Анализ эндогенности предложения денег в России». Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 1:25, с. 103-131.

ТЕОРИЯ ЭНДОГЕННОЙ ДЕНЕЖНОЙ МАССЫ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА

Year 2022, Issue: 94, 44 - 53, 15.08.2022

Abstract

Эндогенность денежной массы является одной из наиболее обсуждаемых тем в литературе. Особенно важные дискуссии были проведены между монетаристами и посткейнсианцами по этому вопросу, и было опубликовано множество эмпирических исследований. Традиционная теория предполагает, что денежная масса определяется центральным банком. Поскольку денежный мультипликатор фиксирован, монетаристы считали, что центральный банк экзогенно определяет денежную массу. С другой стороны, гипотеза эндогенности денежной массы утверждает, что денежная масса определяется эндогенно в экономике. В период независимости банковская система Кыргызстана также развивается со многими проблемами. Центральный банк проводит необходимую политику для стабилизации денежного рынка. Однако есть мнения, что возможности денежно-кредитного регулирования рынка центральным банком будут очень ограничены в открытой экономике, когда денежная масса определяется эндогенно. Поэтому данное исследование направлено на проверку гипотезы в Кыргызстане. Причинно-следственные связи между переменными были изучены с использованием квартальных данных за 2000-2020 гг. Было выявлено, что гипотеза эндогенности в Кыргызстане недействительна. Также было установлено, что денежная база и денежная масса влияют на объем кредита.

References

  • Bachurewicz G. R. (2019). “The Post-Keynesian endogenous-money supply: evidence from Poland”. Review of Keynesian Economics. 7:3, pp. 402-418. doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.03.09
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2009). “Money Supply Behaviour in Emerging Economies: a Comparative Analysis”. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy. 14:4, pp. 331-350.
  • Badarudin Z., Ariff M., Khalid A. (2013). “Post-Keynesian Money Endogeneity Evidence in G-7 Economies”. Journal of International Money and Finance. 33, pp. 146-162.
  • Cepni O. & Guney I. E. (2017). “Endogeneity of Money Supply: Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Finance & Banking Studies. 6:1, pp. 1-10. doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.680
  • Fontana G. (2004). “Rethinking Endogenous Money: a Constructive Interpretation of the Debate between Accommodationists and Structuralists”. Metroeconomica. 55:4, pp. 367-385.
  • Gavrovska M.M. & Slaveski T. (2019). “The Long-Run and Short-Run Endogeneity of Money Supply in the Republic of Macedonia: An Empirical Analysis”. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, pp. 71-83.
  • Howells P.G.A. (1995). “The Demand for Endogenous Money”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:1, pp. 89-106.
  • Işik S. & Kahyaoğlu H. (2011). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Turkey”. Journal of Money, Investment and Banking. 19, pp. 61-71.
  • Lopreite M. (2012). “The endogenous money hypothesis and securitization: the Euro area case (1999–2010)”. Economics Department Working Papers 2012-EP02. Department of Economics, Parma University (Italy). doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2084197.
  • Lopreite M. (2015). “Endogenous money and securitization. An analysis on United States (1999–2012)”. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. X:1(31), pp. 142-151.
  • McLeay M., Radia A., Thomas R. (2014). “Money Creation in the Modern Economy”. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin. Q1, pp. 14-27.
  • Moore B. (1989). “The Endogeneity of Credit Money”. Review of Political Economy. 1:1, pp. 64-93.
  • Palley T. (1996). “Accommodationism Versus Structuralism: Time for an Accommodation”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18:4, pp. 585-594.
  • Palley T. (1998). “Accommodationism, Structuralism and Superstructuralism.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 21:1, pp. 171-173.
  • Pollin R. (1991). “Two Theories of Money Supply Endogeneity: Some Empirical Evidence”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 13:3, pp. 366-396.
  • Shanmugam B., Nair M., Li O.W. (2003). “The endogenous money hypothesis: empirical evidence from Malaysia (1985-2000)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 25:4, pp. 599-611.
  • Tas B. K. O. & Togay S. (2012). “A direct test of the endogeneity of money: Implications for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries”. Economic Modelling. 29:3, pp. 577-585. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.12.015
  • Vera A. (2001). “The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence from Spain (1987–1998)”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 23, pp. 509-526.
  • Vymyatnina Y. (2006). “How Much Control Does Bank of Russia Have Over Money Supply?”. Research in International Business and Finance. 20, pp. 131-144.
  • Yurtkur A.K. (2019). “Para Arzının İçselliği Hipotezi: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz (2006-2018)”. UİİİD-IJEAS 24, ss. 131-150.
  • Малкина М.Ю., Моисеев И.А. (2020). «Эндогенность предложения денег в российской экономике в условиях смены монетарного режима». Финансовый журнал. 12:3, с. 8-27. DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2020-3-8-27
  • Трунин П.В., Ващелюк Н.В. (2015). «Анализ эндогенности предложения денег в России». Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. 1:25, с. 103-131.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Russian
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Junus Ganıev This is me 0000-0001-8859-5464

Damira Baıgonushova This is me 0000-0002-9740-0021

Publication Date August 15, 2022
Submission Date January 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 94

Cite

APA Ganıev, J., & Baıgonushova, D. (2022). ТЕОРИЯ ЭНДОГЕННОЙ ДЕНЕЖНОЙ МАССЫ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА. Reforma, 2(94), 44-53.