Research Article
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The Relationship of Autonomous Motivation to Prosocial Behavior: Mediator Role of Prosocial Friends and Friendship Quality among Turkish Adolescents

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 98 - 113, 26.06.2020

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of friends and friendship quality as two possible mediators to elucidate the underlying processes that link the autonomous motivation and prosocial behaviors among adolescents in Turkey. Participants were 419 adolescents who were in 9th grade students (Mage = 14.37 years, SD = .35) and selected from different high schools located central regions of the city. Adolescents completed questionnaires regarding their prosocial self-regulation, prosocial friends, friendship quality and other-oriented prosocial behaviors. The results of the study demonstrated that autonomous motivation in prosocial behavior was related to increasing in other-oriented prosocial behaviors by having more prosocial friends and more positive friendship quality for boys and by having more positive friendship quality for girls.

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK

Project Number

TÜBİTAK SOBAG-108K155

References

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  • Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of perceived parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47–89
  • Azmitia, M., & Montgomery, R. (1993). Friendship, transactive dialogues, and the development of scientific reasoning. Social Development, 2(3), 202-221.
  • Baker, M., Milich, R., & Manolis, M. B. (1996). Peer interactions of dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 241-255.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Barry, C. M. & Wentzell, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153-163.
  • Bayar, Y., & Uçanok, Z. (2019). Ebeveyn akran yönetiminin öncülleri ve akran ilişkileri açısından sonuçları [Antecedents of Parental Peer Management and Consequences on Peer Relations]. In A. Güre (Eds.) Aile Sistemleri [Family Systems]. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri [Turkish Clinics] (pp. 32- 47).
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  • Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Children's perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 640-648.
  • Boxer, P., Tisak M. S., & Goldstein E. (2004). Is it bad to be good? An exploration of aggressive and prosocial behavior subtypes in adolescence, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 91–100.
  • Brendgen, M., Markievicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2001). The relations between friendship quality, ranked-friendship preference, and adolescents’ behavior with their friends. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47(3), 395-415.
  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (2000). Stability and variability of adolescents’ affiliation with delinquent friends: Predictors and consequences. Social Development, 9, 205-225.
  • Bukowski, W. M., & Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 15–45). New York: Wiley
  • Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
  • Byrne, B. M., & Stewart, S. M. (2006). Teacher's corner: The MACS approach to testing for multigroup invariance of a second-order structure: A walk through the process. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 287-321.
  • Carlo, G., Fabes, R., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 132-133.
  • Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Opal, D. (2014). The protective role of prosocial behaviors on antisocial behaviors: The mediating effects of deviant peer affiliation. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 359-366. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.009.
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
  • Choukas-Bradley, S., Giletta, M., Cohen, G. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2015). Peer influence, peer status, and prosocial behavior: An experimental investigation of peer socialization of adolescents’ intentions to volunteer. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(12), 2197-2210.
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  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
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  • Frey, B. S., & Jegen, R. (2001). Motivation crowding theory: A survey of empirical evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15, 589-611.
  • Finkelstein, M. A., Penner, L. A., & Brannick, M. T. (2005). An examination of role identity and motives among hospice volunteers.Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 403-418.
  • Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199–223.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Grube, J. A., & Piliavin, J. A. (2000). Role identity, organizational experiences, and volunteer performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1108–1119.
  • Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental psychology, 30(1), 4-19. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması [Individualism-collectivism orientations in the Turkish culture: A preliminary study]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 10(35),1-14.
  • Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28,787-793.
  • Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Adolescent religiosity, prosocial values, and prosocial behaviors: A mediational analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 34, 231–249.
  • Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355–370. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.355
  • Hoffmann, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E.T. Higgins, D. Ruble, and W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236–274). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. & Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (1999). 1970’lerden 1990’lara değerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farklılıkları [Value Preferences from 1970s to 1990s: Cohort, Generation and Gender Differences at a Turkish University]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 14(44), 1-22.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi: kültürel psikoloji [Family, Self, and Human Development: Cultural Psychology]. İstanbul: Koç Universitesi Yayınları [Koc University Publication].
  • Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(3), 317-137.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ,& İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333-351.
  • Kındap, Y. (2011). Kendini belirleme kuramı temelinde ergenlikte destekleyici ebeveynlik, akademik ve sosyal uyum ve kendini belirleme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkilerin boylamsal olarak incelenmesi. [A longitudinal study of the relationship between supportive parenting, social adjustment and self-determination level among adolescents on the basis of Self Determination Theory] (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hacettepe University, Institution of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Kındap-Tepe, Y., & Sayıl, M. (2018). Olumlu sosyal davranişlar alaninda kendini düzenleme ölçeğinin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Examination of Psychometric Properties of Prosocial Self-Regulation Questionnaire]. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi [Nesne Journal of Psychology], 6(12), 126-143.
  • Kındap, Y., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2008). Anneden algılanan kontrolün niteliği ile ergenin psikososyal uyumu ve arkadaşlıkları arasındaki ilişkiler: Benlik değerinin aracı rolü [The Relationships Among Type of Perceived Maternal Control, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Friendship in Adolescence: The Mediator Role of Self-Esteem]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 23(61), 95-110.
  • Kındap-Tepe, Y., & Aktaş, V. (2019). The mediating role of needs satisfaction for prosocial behavior and autonomy support. Current Psychology. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00466-9
  • Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2012). Prosocial development among Mexican American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 258 –263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00233.x
  • Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu sosyal davranışların ilşkisel, kültürel, bilişsel ve duyuşsal bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi [Relational, Cultural, Cognitive, and Affective Predictors of Prosocial Behaviors]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 19(54), 109-125.
  • Kunda, Z., & Schwartz, S. H. (1983). Undermining intrinsic moral motivation: External reward and self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 763–771.
  • Law, B. F., Shek, D. L., & Ma, C. S. (2013). Validation of family, school, and peer influence on volunteerism scale among adolescents. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(4), 458–466.
  • Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents’ friendships: Associations with mothers’ interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 429-445.
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Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 98 - 113, 26.06.2020

Abstract

Project Number

TÜBİTAK SOBAG-108K155

References

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
  • Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of perceived parents’ conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47–89
  • Azmitia, M., & Montgomery, R. (1993). Friendship, transactive dialogues, and the development of scientific reasoning. Social Development, 2(3), 202-221.
  • Baker, M., Milich, R., & Manolis, M. B. (1996). Peer interactions of dysphoric adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 241-255.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Barry, C. M. & Wentzell, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153-163.
  • Bayar, Y., & Uçanok, Z. (2019). Ebeveyn akran yönetiminin öncülleri ve akran ilişkileri açısından sonuçları [Antecedents of Parental Peer Management and Consequences on Peer Relations]. In A. Güre (Eds.) Aile Sistemleri [Family Systems]. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri [Turkish Clinics] (pp. 32- 47).
  • Berndt, T. J., Hawkins, J. A., & Jiao, Z. (1999). Influences of friends and friendships on adjustment to junior high school. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 45(1), 13-41.
  • Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Children's perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 640-648.
  • Boxer, P., Tisak M. S., & Goldstein E. (2004). Is it bad to be good? An exploration of aggressive and prosocial behavior subtypes in adolescence, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 91–100.
  • Brendgen, M., Markievicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2001). The relations between friendship quality, ranked-friendship preference, and adolescents’ behavior with their friends. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47(3), 395-415.
  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (2000). Stability and variability of adolescents’ affiliation with delinquent friends: Predictors and consequences. Social Development, 9, 205-225.
  • Bukowski, W. M., & Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 15–45). New York: Wiley
  • Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
  • Byrne, B. M., & Stewart, S. M. (2006). Teacher's corner: The MACS approach to testing for multigroup invariance of a second-order structure: A walk through the process. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 287-321.
  • Carlo, G., Fabes, R., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 132-133.
  • Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Opal, D. (2014). The protective role of prosocial behaviors on antisocial behaviors: The mediating effects of deviant peer affiliation. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 359-366. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.009.
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
  • Choukas-Bradley, S., Giletta, M., Cohen, G. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2015). Peer influence, peer status, and prosocial behavior: An experimental investigation of peer socialization of adolescents’ intentions to volunteer. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(12), 2197-2210.
  • Curran, P., Stice, E., & Chassin, L. (1997). The relation between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use: A longitudinal random coefficients model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 135-140.
  • Çileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. The Journal of Psychology, 134,297-305.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
  • Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1179-1197.
  • Elliott, D. S. (1994). Longitudinal research in criminology: Promise and practice. In E. G. M. Weitekamp & H. J. Kerner (Eds.), Cross-national longitudinal research on human development and criminal behavior (pp. 189–201). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
  • Fabes, R. A., Fultz, J., Eisenberg, N., May-Plumlee, T., & Christopher, F. S. (1989). Effects of rewards on children's prosocial motivation: A socialization study. Developmental Psychology, 25, 509-515.
  • Frey, B. S., & Jegen, R. (2001). Motivation crowding theory: A survey of empirical evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15, 589-611.
  • Finkelstein, M. A., Penner, L. A., & Brannick, M. T. (2005). An examination of role identity and motives among hospice volunteers.Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 403-418.
  • Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199–223.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Grube, J. A., & Piliavin, J. A. (2000). Role identity, organizational experiences, and volunteer performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1108–1119.
  • Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental psychology, 30(1), 4-19. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması [Individualism-collectivism orientations in the Turkish culture: A preliminary study]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 10(35),1-14.
  • Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28,787-793.
  • Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Adolescent religiosity, prosocial values, and prosocial behaviors: A mediational analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 34, 231–249.
  • Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355–370. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.355
  • Hoffmann, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E.T. Higgins, D. Ruble, and W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236–274). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. & Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (1999). 1970’lerden 1990’lara değerler: Üniversite düzeyinde gözlenen zaman, kuşak ve cinsiyet farklılıkları [Value Preferences from 1970s to 1990s: Cohort, Generation and Gender Differences at a Turkish University]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 14(44), 1-22.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi: kültürel psikoloji [Family, Self, and Human Development: Cultural Psychology]. İstanbul: Koç Universitesi Yayınları [Koc University Publication].
  • Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(3), 317-137.
  • Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ,& İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333-351.
  • Kındap, Y. (2011). Kendini belirleme kuramı temelinde ergenlikte destekleyici ebeveynlik, akademik ve sosyal uyum ve kendini belirleme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkilerin boylamsal olarak incelenmesi. [A longitudinal study of the relationship between supportive parenting, social adjustment and self-determination level among adolescents on the basis of Self Determination Theory] (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Hacettepe University, Institution of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Kındap-Tepe, Y., & Sayıl, M. (2018). Olumlu sosyal davranişlar alaninda kendini düzenleme ölçeğinin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Examination of Psychometric Properties of Prosocial Self-Regulation Questionnaire]. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi [Nesne Journal of Psychology], 6(12), 126-143.
  • Kındap, Y., Sayıl, M., & Kumru, A. (2008). Anneden algılanan kontrolün niteliği ile ergenin psikososyal uyumu ve arkadaşlıkları arasındaki ilişkiler: Benlik değerinin aracı rolü [The Relationships Among Type of Perceived Maternal Control, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Friendship in Adolescence: The Mediator Role of Self-Esteem]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 23(61), 95-110.
  • Kındap-Tepe, Y., & Aktaş, V. (2019). The mediating role of needs satisfaction for prosocial behavior and autonomy support. Current Psychology. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00466-9
  • Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2012). Prosocial development among Mexican American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 258 –263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00233.x
  • Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu sosyal davranışların ilşkisel, kültürel, bilişsel ve duyuşsal bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi [Relational, Cultural, Cognitive, and Affective Predictors of Prosocial Behaviors]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 19(54), 109-125.
  • Kunda, Z., & Schwartz, S. H. (1983). Undermining intrinsic moral motivation: External reward and self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 763–771.
  • Law, B. F., Shek, D. L., & Ma, C. S. (2013). Validation of family, school, and peer influence on volunteerism scale among adolescents. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(4), 458–466.
  • Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents’ friendships: Associations with mothers’ interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 429-445.
  • Nelson, J. & Aboud, F. E. (1985). The resolution of social conflict between friends. Child Development, 56, 1009-1017.
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yusuf Bayar 0000-0002-9778-4133

Melike Sayıl 0000-0002-3512-9758

Yeliz Kındap Tepe 0000-0003-0963-810X

Project Number TÜBİTAK SOBAG-108K155
Publication Date June 26, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bayar, Y., Sayıl, M., & Kındap Tepe, Y. (2020). The Relationship of Autonomous Motivation to Prosocial Behavior: Mediator Role of Prosocial Friends and Friendship Quality among Turkish Adolescents. Research on Education and Psychology, 4(1), 98-113.

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