Year 2021,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 278 - 287, 31.12.2021
Sabri Sayar
,
Kamber Özdemir
,
Uğur Sayar
,
Esra Gönültaşı
References
- Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari , M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
- Alper Ay, F., & İçen, B. T. (2021). Türkiye'de COVID-19 pandemisiin 3. Pik döneminde sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 kaygısı ve tükemişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluatıon of COVID-19 anxıety and burnout levels of health workers ın the 3rd peak perıod of the COVID-19 pandemıc ın Turkey]. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(80), 1-17.
- Arpacıoğlu, M. S., Baltacı , Z., & Ünübol, B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler [Burnout, fear of Covid, depression, occupational satisfaction levels and related factors in healthcare professionals in the COVID-19 pandemi]. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1):88-100.
- Arslan, G., Yıldırım , M., Tanhan, A., Buluş , M., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17.
- Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
- Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of Covıd-19 and positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14.
- Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395, e37–e38.
- Bozkurt, H. B. (2018). Aşı reddine genel bir bakış ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi [An overview of vaccine rejection and review of literature]. Kafkas Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 71–76.
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid rewiev of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (1997). Araştırmaya yönelik kaygı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Development of anxiety scale for research]. Eğitim Yönetimi, 3(4), 453–464.
- Çalık, M. (2020). Determining the anxiety and anxiety levels of university students in the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention, 7(7), 4887–4894.
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Man, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287,112939.
- Cheng, L., & Lam, C. Y. (2021). The worst is yet to come: The psychological impact of COVID-19 on Hong Kong music teachers. Music Education Research, 23(2), 211–224.
- Clegg, A. (2001). Occupational stress in nursing: A review of the literatures. Journal Of Nursing Management, 9(2), 101–6.
- Dilmen Bayar, B., Yaşar Can, S., Erten, M., & Ekmen, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Determination of depression and stress levels of üniversity students in the covid-19 pandemic process]. Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 2(1),12-25.
- d'Orville , H. (2020). COVID 19 causes unprecedented educational disruption: Is there a road towards a new normal? Prospects, 49, 11-15.
- Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Elgzairi, M., Alhashimi, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Biala, M., et al. (2020). Burnout syndrome among hospital healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic and civil war: A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 579563.
- Embriaco, N., Papazian, L., Kentish-Barnes, N., Pochard, F., & Azoulay, E. (2007). Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care, 13(5), 482–488.
- Erdem, D., Atçı, H., Akan, B., Albayrak, D., Gökçınar, D., & Göğüş, N. (2010). Anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon kliniği asistanlarının yoğun bakım çalışma dönemlerinin, tükenmişlik, iş doyumu, işe bağlı gerginlik ve durumluluk-süreklilik kaygı düzelerine etkisi [The effects of working in intensive care unit for the assistant doctors of the department of anesthesiology and reanimation, for the burnout, work-related stress, work satisfaction and state-trait anxiety levels]. The Medical Bulletin of Şişli Etfal Hospital, 44(3), 93–99.
- Eryüksel, G.N. (1987). Ergenlerde kimlik statülerinin incelenmesine ilişkin kesitsel bir çalışma [A cross-sectional study on the examination of identity status in adolescents]. (Master Dissertation), Hacettepe University, Ankara.
- Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(S1), S17–S21.
- Gaeta, L., & Brydges, C. R. (2020). Coronavirus-related anxiety, social ısolation, and loneliness in older adults in Northern California during the stay-at-home order. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 1–12.
- Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Intern. Med, 180, 817–818.
- Haas, B. W., Hoeft, F., & Omura, K. (2021). The role of culture on the link between worldviews on nature and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110336.
- Haktanir, H., Seki, T., & Dilmaç, B. (2020): Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 1–9.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (6th Ed.), Guilford publications.
- Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., et al. (2020). Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424.
- Huremovic, D., & Khan , S. (2019). Psychology of the Pandemic. D. Huremovic içinde, Psychiatry of Pandemics: A Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak (s. 37-44). New York: Springer.
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler [SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 applied analysis]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
- Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
- Koç, H., & Arslan, C. (2021). Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the turkish version of the coronavirus anxiety scale. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 10(2), 146-154.
- Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., et al. (2020). Anxiety level of university students during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 579750.
- Kırmızıgül, H. G. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve beraberinde getirdiği eğitim süreci [The Covıd-19 pandemıc and the resultıng educatıon process]. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 7(5), 283–289.
- Kumar, A., & Nayar, K. R. (2020). COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health, 30(1), 1–2.
- Le Compte, W. A., & Oner, N. (1976). Development of the Turkish edition of the State-trait anxiety inventory. Cross-Cultural Anxiety, 1, 51-67.
- Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401.
- Luceño-Moreno, L., Talavera-Velasco, B., García-Albuerne, Y., & Martín-García, J. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 17(15), 5514.
- Martinez-Lorca, M., Martİnez-Lorca, A., Criado-Alvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D., & Latorre, J. M. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in Spanish University students. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113–350.
- Memiş Doğan, M., & Düzel , B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri [Fear-Anxiety Levels in Covid-19]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739–752.
- Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
- Montoya, A. K., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: A path-analytic framework. Psychological Methods, 22(1), 6–27.
- Ölmezoğlu İri, N. İ., & Korkmaz, F. (2021). Çalışanların Koronavirüs Kaygı Düzeylerinin İşte üretkenliğe etkisinde presenteizmin aracılık rolü [The mediating role of presenteeism in the effect of employee coronavirus anxiety levels on productivity at work]. International Journal of Society Researches, 11(17), 3367–3389.
- Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survaival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Ankara: Anı Publishing.
- Pittig, A., Glück, V. M., Boschet, J. M., Wong, A. H., & Engelke, P. (2021). Increased anxiety of public situations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a community and a patient sample. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 3(2), 1-17.
- Savolainen, L., Oksa, R., Savela, N., Celuch, M., & Oksanen, A. (2021). COVID-19 anxiety-A longitudinal survey study of psychological and situational risks among finnish workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 794.
- Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez-Reigosa, F., Martinez-Urrutia, A., Natalicio, L., & Natalicio, D. S. (1971). Development of the Spanish edition of the statetrait anxiety inventory. Interamerican J. Psychol., 5, 145–158.
- Şimşir, Z., Koç, H., Seki, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: a meta-analysis. Death Studies, 1-9.
- Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 Coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320.
- Tümkaya, S., Karadağ, F., Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K., Tekkanat, Ç., Varma, G., Özdel, O., & Ateşçi, F. (2009). Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: A neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Research, 165(1-2), 35-46.
- Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the ınitial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (Covıd-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Envinronmental Research and Puclic Health, 17, 1729.
- Wong, K. M., & Moorhouse, B. L. (2020). The impact of social uncertainty, protests, and COVID19 on Hong Kong teachers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 694–655.
- Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., et al. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic rewiev. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64.
- Xu, J., Ou, J., Luo, S., Wang, Z., Chang, E., Novak, C., et al. (2020). Perceived social support protects lonely people against covıd-19 anxiety: A Three-wave longitudinal study in China. Front. Psychol., 11, 566965.
- Yıldırım, M., & Solmaz, F. (2020). COVID-19 burnout, COVID-19 stress and resilience: Initial psychometric properties of COVID-19 burnout scale. Death Studies, 1–9.
- Yıldırım, M., Geçer, E., & Akgül , Ö. (2020). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviors against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–9.
Effects of Teachers' COVID-19 Fears on Burnout Levels: The Mediating Role of State Anxiety
Year 2021,
Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 278 - 287, 31.12.2021
Sabri Sayar
,
Kamber Özdemir
,
Uğur Sayar
,
Esra Gönültaşı
Abstract
This research aims to examine the mediating role of state anxiety in the effect of teachers' fears of Covid-19 on their burnout levels. For this purpose, the relational survey model was used in the research. 387 teachers from different regions of Turkey participated in the research. 228 of the participants were female and 159 were male. In the research, Fear of Covid 19 Scale, State Anxiety Scale and Burnout Scale were used. The data were collected online due to the Covid 19 disease. We observed that the data showed a normal distribution. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of this study were found to be sufficient. It was found that teachers' fear of Covid 19 had a positive effect on state and state anxiety had a positive effect on burnout. Additionally, an indirect effect of state anxiety on burnout was found. In the study, it was seen that state anxiety played a mediating role in the effect of fear of Covid 19 on burnout.
References
- Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari , M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
- Alper Ay, F., & İçen, B. T. (2021). Türkiye'de COVID-19 pandemisiin 3. Pik döneminde sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 kaygısı ve tükemişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluatıon of COVID-19 anxıety and burnout levels of health workers ın the 3rd peak perıod of the COVID-19 pandemıc ın Turkey]. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(80), 1-17.
- Arpacıoğlu, M. S., Baltacı , Z., & Ünübol, B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler [Burnout, fear of Covid, depression, occupational satisfaction levels and related factors in healthcare professionals in the COVID-19 pandemi]. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1):88-100.
- Arslan, G., Yıldırım , M., Tanhan, A., Buluş , M., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17.
- Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
- Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of Covıd-19 and positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14.
- Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395, e37–e38.
- Bozkurt, H. B. (2018). Aşı reddine genel bir bakış ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi [An overview of vaccine rejection and review of literature]. Kafkas Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 71–76.
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid rewiev of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (1997). Araştırmaya yönelik kaygı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Development of anxiety scale for research]. Eğitim Yönetimi, 3(4), 453–464.
- Çalık, M. (2020). Determining the anxiety and anxiety levels of university students in the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention, 7(7), 4887–4894.
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Man, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287,112939.
- Cheng, L., & Lam, C. Y. (2021). The worst is yet to come: The psychological impact of COVID-19 on Hong Kong music teachers. Music Education Research, 23(2), 211–224.
- Clegg, A. (2001). Occupational stress in nursing: A review of the literatures. Journal Of Nursing Management, 9(2), 101–6.
- Dilmen Bayar, B., Yaşar Can, S., Erten, M., & Ekmen, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon ve stres düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Determination of depression and stress levels of üniversity students in the covid-19 pandemic process]. Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 2(1),12-25.
- d'Orville , H. (2020). COVID 19 causes unprecedented educational disruption: Is there a road towards a new normal? Prospects, 49, 11-15.
- Elhadi, M., Msherghi, A., Elgzairi, M., Alhashimi, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Biala, M., et al. (2020). Burnout syndrome among hospital healthcare workers during the covid-19 pandemic and civil war: A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 579563.
- Embriaco, N., Papazian, L., Kentish-Barnes, N., Pochard, F., & Azoulay, E. (2007). Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Curr Opin Crit Care, 13(5), 482–488.
- Erdem, D., Atçı, H., Akan, B., Albayrak, D., Gökçınar, D., & Göğüş, N. (2010). Anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon kliniği asistanlarının yoğun bakım çalışma dönemlerinin, tükenmişlik, iş doyumu, işe bağlı gerginlik ve durumluluk-süreklilik kaygı düzelerine etkisi [The effects of working in intensive care unit for the assistant doctors of the department of anesthesiology and reanimation, for the burnout, work-related stress, work satisfaction and state-trait anxiety levels]. The Medical Bulletin of Şişli Etfal Hospital, 44(3), 93–99.
- Eryüksel, G.N. (1987). Ergenlerde kimlik statülerinin incelenmesine ilişkin kesitsel bir çalışma [A cross-sectional study on the examination of identity status in adolescents]. (Master Dissertation), Hacettepe University, Ankara.
- Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(S1), S17–S21.
- Gaeta, L., & Brydges, C. R. (2020). Coronavirus-related anxiety, social ısolation, and loneliness in older adults in Northern California during the stay-at-home order. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 1–12.
- Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Intern. Med, 180, 817–818.
- Haas, B. W., Hoeft, F., & Omura, K. (2021). The role of culture on the link between worldviews on nature and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110336.
- Haktanir, H., Seki, T., & Dilmaç, B. (2020): Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 1–9.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (6th Ed.), Guilford publications.
- Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., et al. (2020). Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424.
- Huremovic, D., & Khan , S. (2019). Psychology of the Pandemic. D. Huremovic içinde, Psychiatry of Pandemics: A Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak (s. 37-44). New York: Springer.
- Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler [SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 applied analysis]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
- Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
- Koç, H., & Arslan, C. (2021). Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the turkish version of the coronavirus anxiety scale. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 10(2), 146-154.
- Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., et al. (2020). Anxiety level of university students during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 579750.
- Kırmızıgül, H. G. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve beraberinde getirdiği eğitim süreci [The Covıd-19 pandemıc and the resultıng educatıon process]. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD), 7(5), 283–289.
- Kumar, A., & Nayar, K. R. (2020). COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health, 30(1), 1–2.
- Le Compte, W. A., & Oner, N. (1976). Development of the Turkish edition of the State-trait anxiety inventory. Cross-Cultural Anxiety, 1, 51-67.
- Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401.
- Luceño-Moreno, L., Talavera-Velasco, B., García-Albuerne, Y., & Martín-García, J. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 17(15), 5514.
- Martinez-Lorca, M., Martİnez-Lorca, A., Criado-Alvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D., & Latorre, J. M. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in Spanish University students. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113–350.
- Memiş Doğan, M., & Düzel , B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri [Fear-Anxiety Levels in Covid-19]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739–752.
- Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
- Montoya, A. K., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: A path-analytic framework. Psychological Methods, 22(1), 6–27.
- Ölmezoğlu İri, N. İ., & Korkmaz, F. (2021). Çalışanların Koronavirüs Kaygı Düzeylerinin İşte üretkenliğe etkisinde presenteizmin aracılık rolü [The mediating role of presenteeism in the effect of employee coronavirus anxiety levels on productivity at work]. International Journal of Society Researches, 11(17), 3367–3389.
- Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survaival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Ankara: Anı Publishing.
- Pittig, A., Glück, V. M., Boschet, J. M., Wong, A. H., & Engelke, P. (2021). Increased anxiety of public situations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a community and a patient sample. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 3(2), 1-17.
- Savolainen, L., Oksa, R., Savela, N., Celuch, M., & Oksanen, A. (2021). COVID-19 anxiety-A longitudinal survey study of psychological and situational risks among finnish workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 794.
- Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez-Reigosa, F., Martinez-Urrutia, A., Natalicio, L., & Natalicio, D. S. (1971). Development of the Spanish edition of the statetrait anxiety inventory. Interamerican J. Psychol., 5, 145–158.
- Şimşir, Z., Koç, H., Seki, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: a meta-analysis. Death Studies, 1-9.
- Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 Coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320.
- Tümkaya, S., Karadağ, F., Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K., Tekkanat, Ç., Varma, G., Özdel, O., & Ateşçi, F. (2009). Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: A neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Research, 165(1-2), 35-46.
- Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the ınitial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (Covıd-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Envinronmental Research and Puclic Health, 17, 1729.
- Wong, K. M., & Moorhouse, B. L. (2020). The impact of social uncertainty, protests, and COVID19 on Hong Kong teachers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 694–655.
- Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., et al. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic rewiev. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64.
- Xu, J., Ou, J., Luo, S., Wang, Z., Chang, E., Novak, C., et al. (2020). Perceived social support protects lonely people against covıd-19 anxiety: A Three-wave longitudinal study in China. Front. Psychol., 11, 566965.
- Yıldırım, M., & Solmaz, F. (2020). COVID-19 burnout, COVID-19 stress and resilience: Initial psychometric properties of COVID-19 burnout scale. Death Studies, 1–9.
- Yıldırım, M., Geçer, E., & Akgül , Ö. (2020). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviors against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–9.