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Examining Parental Alienation Syndrome Behaviors in Divorce, Custody and Personal Relationship Cases

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Special Issue 2 - Education and Psychology Research in the 100th Anniversary of the Republic, 362 - 383, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1357379

Abstract

In this study, the objective was to conduct an analysis of behaviors associated with Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) within the context of divorce, custody disputes, and personal relationship with children. The present inquiry employed the document/text analysis method, one of the qualitative research methodologies. The reports prepared by psychologists, social workers, and pedagogues (psychological counsellors), including the researcher, in the cases held by Ankara 10th Family Court were included in the study. 27 selected files were descriptively analyzed with respect to PAS behaviors and alienation strategies. Answers were sought to the questions about PAS behaviors toward mother, father and relatives, and what PAS behaviors are in court processes and relations with the child. Results showed that parental alienation behaviors toward parents and relatives are common in divorce, custody, and personal relationship with the child cases. It was found that divorce, custody, and personal relationship with the child cases negatively affect the relationship between the mother, the father, and the child. The research findings, PAS behaviors put all the parties in a difficult situation in the legal process. Therefore, providing psychosocial services to the families, raising the awareness of court experts about PAS, and conducting more research on this issue are important.

References

  • Aktaş Akoğlu, Ö., & Küçükkaragöz, H. (2018). Boşanma nedenleri ve boşanma sonrasında karşılaşılan güçlüklere ilişkin bir araştırma: İzmir ili örneği [A research on the reason for divorce and difficulties encountered after divorce: The case of Izmir province]. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet [Society and Social Work], 29(1),153-172.
  • Altuntaş, G. E. Ü., & Ziyalar, N. (2018). Ebeveyne yabancılaşma olgusu-reddedilen ebeveyn olarak baba [The phenomenon of parental alienation-the father as a rejected parent]. Adli Tıp Bülteni [The Bulletin of Legal Medicine], 23(1), 25-35.
  • Baker, A.J.L. (2005). The long-term effects of parental alienationon adult children: A qualitative research study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180590962129
  • Baker, A.J.L. (2006). Patterns of parental alienation syndrome: A qualitative study of adults who were alienated from a parent as a child. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 34(1), 63-78.
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Darnall, D. (2006). Behaviors and strategies employed in parental alienation: A survey of parental experiences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 45(1-2), 97-124.
  • Baker, A. J., & Fine, P. (2008). Beyond the high road: Responding to 17 parental alienation strategies without compromising your morals or harming your child. Unpublished manuscript. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Baker-2 (Accessed 25.08.2023).
  • Baker, A. J., & Ben-Ami, N. (2011). To turn a child against a parent is to turn a child against himself: The direct and indirect effects of exposure to parental alienation strategies on self-esteem and well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(7), 472-489.
  • Baker, A. J., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2013). Italian college student-reported childhood exposure to parental alienation: Correlates with well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54(8), 609-628.
  • Benedek, E.P., & Brown, C.F. (1997). Boşanma ve çocuğunuz - Çocuğunuzun boşanmanızlabaşetmesine nasıl yardımcı olursunuz? [Divorce and your child. How to help your child cope with your divorce]. Ankara, Türkiye: HYP Yayınları.
  • Cartwright, G. F. (1993). Expanding The Parameters Of Parental Alienation Syndrome. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205-215.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Demirbaş, H. (2018). Yoksulluk, şiddet ve dışlanma [Poverty, violence and exclusion]. In. M. Akyıldız (Ed.), Aile içi uyumlu etkileşim [Harmonious interaction within the family] (pp. 155-185). TC. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını.
  • Erdoğan, E. (2020). Duygusal istismar-ebeveyne yabancılaşma sendromu: Velayet suistimalleri. [Emotional abuse-parental alienation syndrome: Custody abuses]. İslam Medeniyeti Dergisi [Journal of Islamic Civilization], 6(46), 69-79.
  • Farkas, M.M. (2011). An introduction to parental alienation syndrome. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 49, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20110302-02
  • Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. Academy Forum (a publication of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 29(2), 3-7.
  • Gardner, R. A. (1999). Differentiating between parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse-neglect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261899261998
  • Gardner, R.A. (2001). Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Sixteen Years Later. Academy Forum, 45(1), 10-12.
  • Gardner, R. A. (2002). Parental alienation syndrome vs. parental alienation: Which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753573821
  • Gardner, R.A. (2002). Denial of the Parental Alienation Syndrome Also Harms Women. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(3): 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753573821
  • Goldin, D. S., & Salani, D. (2020). Parental alienation syndrome: What health care providers need to know. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 16(5), 344-348.
  • Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Olesen, N. W. (2005). Is it alienating parenting, role reversal or child abuse? A study of children's rejection of a parent in child custody disputes. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(4), 191-218. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v05n04_02.
  • Kayma Güneş, D. (2007). Boşanma sürecindeki eşlerin aile içi ilişkileri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi [Determining the relationship between domestic relations and problem-solving skills of spouses in the divorce process] (Master thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352-362.
  • Kelly, J. B., & Johnston, J. R. (2001). The Alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. Family Court Review, 39(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.2001.tb00609.x
  • Koçyıldırım, G. (2010). Sosyal hizmet bakış açısıyla çocuk teslimine ve çocukla kişisel ilişki kurulmasına dair ilamların icrası uygulamaları [Execution practices regarding child surrender and establishing a personal relationship with the child from a social service perspective] (Master thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kruk, E. (2018). Parental alienation as a form of emotional child abuse: Current state of knowledge and future directions for research. Family Science Review, 22(4), 141-164
  • Lampel, A. K. (1996). Children's Alignment with Parents in Highly Conflicted Custody Cases. Family Court Review, 34(2): 229-239.
  • Lowenstein, L. F. (1998). Parent alienation syndrome: What the legal profession should know. Medico-Legal Journal, 66(4), 151-161.
  • Machuca, L. P. (2005). Parental alienation syndrome: Perceptions of parental behaviors and attitudes in divorced vs. non-divorced families. University of Alaska Anchorage.
  • Mone, J. G., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Assessing parental alienation: Empirical assessment of college students' recollections of parental alienation during their childhoods. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663265
  • Nalbant, A. (2017). Aile mahkemelerinde adli psikolojik müdahaleler [Forensic psychological interventions in family courts]. In E. Şenol Durak & M. Durak (Eds.), Adli Psikolojide psikolojik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon [Psychological treatment and rehabilitation in forensic psychology] (pp. 17-40). Ankara, Türkiye: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Raso, C. (2004). If The Bread Goes Stale, It's My Dad's Fault: The Parental Alienation Syndrome. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Montreal: Concordia University.
  • Şen, B. (2014). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu [Parental alienation]. In. H. Büker (Ed.), Çocuk ve şiddet: Toplumsal şiddetin cenderesinde çocuklar, Cilt 1, Şiddetin mağduru olarak çocuklar [Children and violence: Children under the pressure of socual violence, Volume 1, Children as the victims of violence] (pp. 42-54). İstanbul, Türkiye: SAMER Scientific Publications Series.
  • Sher, L. (2015). Parental alienation and suicide in men. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(3), 0-289.
  • Rogers, K. N. (2004). A Theoretical Review of Risk and Protective Factors Related to Post-Divorce Adjustment in Young Children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 40(3-4): 135-147.
  • Torun, F. (2017). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu: Çekişmeli boşanmalarda ve velayet savaşlarında [Parental alienation syndrome. In contested divorces and custody battles]. Ankara, Türkiye: Psikonet Yayınları.
  • TÜİK, (2022). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri [Marriage and divorce statistics]. www.tuik.gov.tr/evlenme ve bosanma (Accessed 25.08.2023).
  • Türkarslan, N. (2007). Boşanmanın çocuklar üzerine olumsuz etkileri ve bunlarla başetme yolları [Negative effects of divorce on children and ways to cope with them]. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi [Family and Society],3(11), 99-107.
  • Ulutürk, S. (2019). 11-18 yaş arası boşanmış aile çocuklarının ve boşanmamış aile çocuklarının ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu ve davranış sorunlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi [Comparative investigation of parental alienation syndrome and behavioral problems of children aged 11-18 years old in divorced families and nondivorced families] (Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Aydın University, İstanbul). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Vassiliou, D., & Cartwright, G. F. (2001). The lost parents' perspective on parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(3), 181-191.
  • Verrocchio, M. C., Marchetti, D., Carrozzino, D., Compare, A., & Fulcheri, M. (2019). Depression and quality of life in adults perceiving exposure to parental alienation behaviors. Health and quality of life outcomes, 17(1), 1-9.
  • Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Law, 10, 121–133.
  • Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46(2), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1976.tb00926.x
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Yörükoğlu, A. (2023). Çocuk ruh sağlığı, 41. Basım [Child mental health, 4st Eds.]. İstanbul, Türkiye: Özgür Yayınevi.
  • Yurdakul, G. (2022). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu: Çocuklar, ebeveynler ve sosyal hizmet uzmanları üzerinden değerlendirme [Parental alienation syndrome: Evaluation through parents, children and social workers] (Master’s Thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Special Issue 2 - Education and Psychology Research in the 100th Anniversary of the Republic, 362 - 383, 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1357379

Abstract

References

  • Aktaş Akoğlu, Ö., & Küçükkaragöz, H. (2018). Boşanma nedenleri ve boşanma sonrasında karşılaşılan güçlüklere ilişkin bir araştırma: İzmir ili örneği [A research on the reason for divorce and difficulties encountered after divorce: The case of Izmir province]. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet [Society and Social Work], 29(1),153-172.
  • Altuntaş, G. E. Ü., & Ziyalar, N. (2018). Ebeveyne yabancılaşma olgusu-reddedilen ebeveyn olarak baba [The phenomenon of parental alienation-the father as a rejected parent]. Adli Tıp Bülteni [The Bulletin of Legal Medicine], 23(1), 25-35.
  • Baker, A.J.L. (2005). The long-term effects of parental alienationon adult children: A qualitative research study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180590962129
  • Baker, A.J.L. (2006). Patterns of parental alienation syndrome: A qualitative study of adults who were alienated from a parent as a child. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 34(1), 63-78.
  • Baker, A. J. L., & Darnall, D. (2006). Behaviors and strategies employed in parental alienation: A survey of parental experiences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 45(1-2), 97-124.
  • Baker, A. J., & Fine, P. (2008). Beyond the high road: Responding to 17 parental alienation strategies without compromising your morals or harming your child. Unpublished manuscript. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Baker-2 (Accessed 25.08.2023).
  • Baker, A. J., & Ben-Ami, N. (2011). To turn a child against a parent is to turn a child against himself: The direct and indirect effects of exposure to parental alienation strategies on self-esteem and well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52(7), 472-489.
  • Baker, A. J., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2013). Italian college student-reported childhood exposure to parental alienation: Correlates with well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54(8), 609-628.
  • Benedek, E.P., & Brown, C.F. (1997). Boşanma ve çocuğunuz - Çocuğunuzun boşanmanızlabaşetmesine nasıl yardımcı olursunuz? [Divorce and your child. How to help your child cope with your divorce]. Ankara, Türkiye: HYP Yayınları.
  • Cartwright, G. F. (1993). Expanding The Parameters Of Parental Alienation Syndrome. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205-215.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Demirbaş, H. (2018). Yoksulluk, şiddet ve dışlanma [Poverty, violence and exclusion]. In. M. Akyıldız (Ed.), Aile içi uyumlu etkileşim [Harmonious interaction within the family] (pp. 155-185). TC. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını.
  • Erdoğan, E. (2020). Duygusal istismar-ebeveyne yabancılaşma sendromu: Velayet suistimalleri. [Emotional abuse-parental alienation syndrome: Custody abuses]. İslam Medeniyeti Dergisi [Journal of Islamic Civilization], 6(46), 69-79.
  • Farkas, M.M. (2011). An introduction to parental alienation syndrome. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 49, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20110302-02
  • Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. Academy Forum (a publication of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 29(2), 3-7.
  • Gardner, R. A. (1999). Differentiating between parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse-neglect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261899261998
  • Gardner, R.A. (2001). Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Sixteen Years Later. Academy Forum, 45(1), 10-12.
  • Gardner, R. A. (2002). Parental alienation syndrome vs. parental alienation: Which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753573821
  • Gardner, R.A. (2002). Denial of the Parental Alienation Syndrome Also Harms Women. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(3): 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753573821
  • Goldin, D. S., & Salani, D. (2020). Parental alienation syndrome: What health care providers need to know. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 16(5), 344-348.
  • Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Olesen, N. W. (2005). Is it alienating parenting, role reversal or child abuse? A study of children's rejection of a parent in child custody disputes. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(4), 191-218. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v05n04_02.
  • Kayma Güneş, D. (2007). Boşanma sürecindeki eşlerin aile içi ilişkileri ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi [Determining the relationship between domestic relations and problem-solving skills of spouses in the divorce process] (Master thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352-362.
  • Kelly, J. B., & Johnston, J. R. (2001). The Alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. Family Court Review, 39(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.2001.tb00609.x
  • Koçyıldırım, G. (2010). Sosyal hizmet bakış açısıyla çocuk teslimine ve çocukla kişisel ilişki kurulmasına dair ilamların icrası uygulamaları [Execution practices regarding child surrender and establishing a personal relationship with the child from a social service perspective] (Master thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kruk, E. (2018). Parental alienation as a form of emotional child abuse: Current state of knowledge and future directions for research. Family Science Review, 22(4), 141-164
  • Lampel, A. K. (1996). Children's Alignment with Parents in Highly Conflicted Custody Cases. Family Court Review, 34(2): 229-239.
  • Lowenstein, L. F. (1998). Parent alienation syndrome: What the legal profession should know. Medico-Legal Journal, 66(4), 151-161.
  • Machuca, L. P. (2005). Parental alienation syndrome: Perceptions of parental behaviors and attitudes in divorced vs. non-divorced families. University of Alaska Anchorage.
  • Mone, J. G., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Assessing parental alienation: Empirical assessment of college students' recollections of parental alienation during their childhoods. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53(3), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663265
  • Nalbant, A. (2017). Aile mahkemelerinde adli psikolojik müdahaleler [Forensic psychological interventions in family courts]. In E. Şenol Durak & M. Durak (Eds.), Adli Psikolojide psikolojik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon [Psychological treatment and rehabilitation in forensic psychology] (pp. 17-40). Ankara, Türkiye: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Raso, C. (2004). If The Bread Goes Stale, It's My Dad's Fault: The Parental Alienation Syndrome. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Montreal: Concordia University.
  • Şen, B. (2014). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu [Parental alienation]. In. H. Büker (Ed.), Çocuk ve şiddet: Toplumsal şiddetin cenderesinde çocuklar, Cilt 1, Şiddetin mağduru olarak çocuklar [Children and violence: Children under the pressure of socual violence, Volume 1, Children as the victims of violence] (pp. 42-54). İstanbul, Türkiye: SAMER Scientific Publications Series.
  • Sher, L. (2015). Parental alienation and suicide in men. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(3), 0-289.
  • Rogers, K. N. (2004). A Theoretical Review of Risk and Protective Factors Related to Post-Divorce Adjustment in Young Children. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 40(3-4): 135-147.
  • Torun, F. (2017). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu: Çekişmeli boşanmalarda ve velayet savaşlarında [Parental alienation syndrome. In contested divorces and custody battles]. Ankara, Türkiye: Psikonet Yayınları.
  • TÜİK, (2022). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri [Marriage and divorce statistics]. www.tuik.gov.tr/evlenme ve bosanma (Accessed 25.08.2023).
  • Türkarslan, N. (2007). Boşanmanın çocuklar üzerine olumsuz etkileri ve bunlarla başetme yolları [Negative effects of divorce on children and ways to cope with them]. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi [Family and Society],3(11), 99-107.
  • Ulutürk, S. (2019). 11-18 yaş arası boşanmış aile çocuklarının ve boşanmamış aile çocuklarının ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu ve davranış sorunlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi [Comparative investigation of parental alienation syndrome and behavioral problems of children aged 11-18 years old in divorced families and nondivorced families] (Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Aydın University, İstanbul). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Vassiliou, D., & Cartwright, G. F. (2001). The lost parents' perspective on parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(3), 181-191.
  • Verrocchio, M. C., Marchetti, D., Carrozzino, D., Compare, A., & Fulcheri, M. (2019). Depression and quality of life in adults perceiving exposure to parental alienation behaviors. Health and quality of life outcomes, 17(1), 1-9.
  • Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Law, 10, 121–133.
  • Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46(2), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1976.tb00926.x
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara, Türkiye: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Yörükoğlu, A. (2023). Çocuk ruh sağlığı, 41. Basım [Child mental health, 4st Eds.]. İstanbul, Türkiye: Özgür Yayınevi.
  • Yurdakul, G. (2022). Ebeveyn yabancılaştırma sendromu: Çocuklar, ebeveynler ve sosyal hizmet uzmanları üzerinden değerlendirme [Parental alienation syndrome: Evaluation through parents, children and social workers] (Master’s Thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aygül Nalbant 0000-0003-1158-4622

Early Pub Date October 23, 2023
Publication Date October 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: Special Issue 2 - Education and Psychology Research in the 100th Anniversary of the Republic

Cite

APA Nalbant, A. (2023). Examining Parental Alienation Syndrome Behaviors in Divorce, Custody and Personal Relationship Cases. Research on Education and Psychology, 7(Special Issue 2), 362-383. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1357379

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