İngiltere’de 1832 Parlamento Reformu

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 17 - 39, 01.01.2020

Yahya Bağçeci

Abstract

19. yüzyılda İngiltere, anayasal monarşi ile yönetiliyordu. Parlamentonun üst kanadını oluşturan Lortlar Kamarası’nın üyeleri kral tarafından atanıyordu. Alt kanadını oluşturan Avam Kamarası ise halkın oylarıyla seçiliyordu. Bu bağlamda kral, Lortlar Kamarası ve Avam Kamarası, sırasıyla monarşi, aristokrasi ve demokrasiye denk gelen unsurlardı. Ancak seçim sisteminde önemli birtakım eksiklik ya da kusurlar vardı. En önemlisi oy kullanma hakkı üzerindeki kısıtlamalar ve halkın seçimlere katılımındaki fırsat eşitsizliğiydi. Koltuk dağılımı Sanayi Devrimi öncesi toplum yapısına göre ayarlanmıştı. Nüfusun büyük artış gösterdiği önemli sanayi merkezleri Avam Kamarası’nda temsil edilmezken, küçük ve önemsiz yerleşim yerleri iki üyeyle temsil edilebiliyordu. Parlamentonun, Sanayi Devrimi’nden doğan yeni bir toplumun ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek hale gelmesi gerektiği açıktı. Reform talebi de herkesten önce Sanayi Devrimi’nin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan işçi sınıfından geldi. 1830’da Fransa’da X. Charles’ın iktidardan düşmesiyle sonuçlanan Temmuz İhtilali ise İngiltere’de parlamento reformu meselesine bir canlanma getirdi. Ancak reformcuların siyasi değişimi sağlayabilmeleri için yerleşik muhalefetin üstesinden gelmeleri gerekiyordu. Bunun için de öncelikle siyasi liderlik becerisine ve kamuoyu baskısına ihtiyaç vardı. Nitekim bir Whig olan Başbakan Lort Grey reform meselesini ele aldı. Bu çalışmada reform çalışmaları sırasında karşılaşılan zorlukların yanı sıra, 1832 Reform Yasası’nın, İngiltere’de yarım asırdan fazla bir süredir şikâyet edilen bir sistemin hatalarını ne kadar düzeltebildiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır

Keywords

İngiltere, temsilî demokrasi, Temmuz İhtilali, Lort Grey, 1832 Reform Yasası

Parliamentary Reform of 1832 in England

Abstract

In the 19th century, England was ruled by constitutional monarchy. Members of the House of Lords, the upper wing of the parliament, were appointed by the king. The House of Commons, which constitutes the lower wing, was chosen by the votes of the people. In this context, the king, the House of Lords and the House of Commons were elements corresponding to monarchy, aristocracy and democracy respectively. However, there were some important deficiencies or flaws in the electoral system. The most important was the restrictions on the right to vote and inequality of opportunity for public participation in elections. The seat distribution was adjusted for the social structure before the Industrial Revolution. Major industrial centers, where the population increased greatly, were not represented in the House of Commons, while small and insignificant settlements could be represented by two members. It was clear that the parliament should be able to meet the needs of a new society born from the Industrial Revolution. The demand for reform came first from the working class, which emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The July Revolution, which resulted in the fall of Charles X in France in 1830, brought a revival to the issue of parliamentary reform in Britain. However, reformers had to overcome the established opposition to enable political change. For this, political leadership skills and public pressure were needed first. Indeed, Prime Minister Lord Grey, a Whig, addressed the issue of reform. In this study, besides the difficulties encountered during the reform studies, it was tried to reveal how much the Reform Act 1832 was able to correct the mistakes of a system complained for more than half a century in England

Keywords

England, representative democracy, July Revolution, Lord Grey, Reform Act 1832

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