İklim Değişikliğine Mekânsal Uyum ve Azaltım Yaklaşımlarında Toprak Ekosistem Servislerinin Rolü

Abstract

Dünya üzerinde kapladıkları %2’lik bir alanla Dünya nüfusunun yarısından fazlasına ev sahipliği yapan kentsel alanlar, ormansızlaşma ve fosil yakıt kullanımını teşvik eden politikalarla iklim krizini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Buna ek olarak kentler iklim krizinin sebep olduğu kırılganlıklara karşı da her geçen gün daha duyarlı bir hal almaktadır. Toprak sunduğu çeşitli ekosistem servisleri ile bu bağlamda öne çıkmakta ve sağladığı faydalarla iklim kriziyle mücadelede kentleri daha dirençli hale getirme gücüne sahiptir. Karbon depolama, tarım, su kaynaklarının yönetimi, doğal tehlikelerin kontrolü ve habitat sağlama toprak ekosistem servislerinin öne çıkan faydalarındandır. Toprak ekosistem servislerinin iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerini minimize etme kabiliyetleri onları uyum ve azaltma stratejileri ve politikaları geliştirmekte önemli araçlar yapmaktadır. İklim krizine karşı kentlerin direncini arttırma yolunda toprak ekosistem servisleri sağladığı faydalar ile mekânsal planlama süreçlerinde yer seçim kararlarında değerlendirilmesi gereken hassas ekolojik alanlardır. Bu çalışmada iklim değişikliğine mekânsal uyum kapsamında planlama aracı olarak toprak ekosistem servislerine dayalı çok kriterli yer seçimi uygunluk analizi yaklaşımı sunulmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Bursa Nilüfer Çayı Havzası’nda uygulanmaktadır. Nilüfer Çayı Havzası, sahip olduğu doğal değerlere rağmen yaşadığı hızlı toprak kaybı ve karşı karşıya olduğu baskılar ile toprak ekosistem servisleri ve mekânsal planlama ilişkisini anlamaya uygun bir araştırma alanı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle toprak ekosistem servisleri tanımlanmakta ve sınıflandırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar paylaşılmaktadır. Sonraki adımda yerleşime uygunluk analizinde ağırlıklandırılmaya alınması gereken toprak ekosistem servislerinin tespiti için iklim değişikliği ile ilişkili toprak ekosistem servisleri incelenmektedir. Çalışmada toprak ekosistem servislerinin Türkiye’deki mekânsal planlardaki yerini anlamak adına mevzuat incelenmektedir. Mevzuat kapsamında Toprak Koruma ve Arazi Kullanımı Kanunu, Orman Kanunu, Çevre Kanunu, Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliği ve İçme-Kullanma Suyu Havzalarının Korunmasına Dair Yönetmelik değerlendirilmektedir. Toprak ekosistem servislerinin söz konusu mevzuatta nasıl ele alındığı ve paylaşılan toprak ekosistem servisleri sınıflandırılmasına ne kadar katkıda bulunduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• Toprak ekosistem servisleri (ToES)
• iklim değişikliği
• mekânsal planlama
• iklim değişikliğin uyum

The Role of Soil Ecosystem Services in Spatial Adaptation and Mitigation Approaches to Climate Change

Abstract

Urban areas, occupying only 2% of the Earth's surface but hosting more than half of the world's population, adversely affect the climate crisis with policies that promote deforestation and fossil fuel use. Simultaneously, they become more vulnerable to the fragilities caused by the climate crisis. In this context, soil stands out for its diverse ecosystem services, offering benefits that can make cities more resilient in combating the climate crisis. Carbon sequestration, agriculture, water resource management, natural disaster control, and habitat provision are among the prominent benefits of soil ecosystem services. Their ability to minimize the adverse effects of climate change positions them as essential tools in developing adaptation strategies and policies. Soil ecosystem services, with the benefits they provide in enhancing urban resilience against the climate crisis, are sensitive ecological areas that should be considered in site selection decisions within spatial planning processes. This study presents a multi-criteria site suitability analysis approach based on soil ecosystem services as a planning tool within the context of climate change adaptation. This approach is applied in the Bursa Nilüfer Stream Basin as the study area. Despite its natural values, the Nilüfer Stream Basin has been selected as a suitable research area due to its rapid soil loss and various pressures. In this context, soil ecosystem services are first defined and classified. Subsequently, steps are shared for identifying soil ecosystem services that need to be weighted in suitability analysis related to settlement, considering their association with climate change. To understand the integration of soil ecosystem services into spatial plans, legislation in Turkey is examined. Within the legislation framework, the Soil Protection and Land Use Law, the Forest Law, the Environmental Law, the Spatial Plans Preparation Regulation, and the Regulation on the Protection of Drinking-Water Basins are evaluated. The extent to which soil ecosystem services are addressed in this legislation and their contribution to the classification of shared soil ecosystem services are assessed. This study emphasizes the potential of integrating soil ecosystem services into spatial planning processes and is considered as a significant step in enhancing urban resilience against climate change.

Keywords

• Soil ecosystem services (SoES)
• climate change
• spatial planning
• climate change adaptation

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