Uncovering Vulnerabilities and Resilience of Benghazi After the War

Year 2019, , 165 - 171, 31.12.2019

Abdelhamed Barani , Zerrin Ezgi Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.586657

Abstract

that they not only stimulate vulnerabilities of
cities but also decrease their resilience. The civil war in the city of
Benghazi stared in 2011. This study aims to investigate both the multifaceted
vulnerabilities of Benghazi resulted from war and some signs of resilience
reactions against consequences of war. It attempts to compare before and after
the war situations for various structures in the city including demographic,
economic, social, spatial and environmental dimensions. To do this, it analyses
written and visual documents such as master plans, satellite images and
national/international reports. The study finds outs that the inhabitants of
the city have economically developed resiliency strategies by creating new jobs.
Moreover, the residents of Benghazi construct permeant or temporary houses at
the outskirts of the city as a spatial resiliency reaction. However, this
reaction results in urban sprawl in the city which consequently stir up the pressures
on natural environmental in the city.(Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005; Brzoska &
Fröhlich, 2016)Wars result in the
destruction of cities in many ways

Keywords

civil war; vulnerability; resilience; Benghazi.

Savaş Altındaki Kentin Kırılganlıkları ve Dirençlilik Stratejileri: Bengazi Kentinde Bir Vaka Çalışması

Abstract

Wars result in the
destruction of cities in many ways (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005; Brzoska &
Fröhlich, 2016) that they not only stimulate vulnerabilities of
cities but also decrease their resilience. The civil war in the city of
Benghazi stared in 2011. This study aims to investigate both the multifaceted
vulnerabilities of Benghazi resulted from war and some signs of resilience
reactions against consequences of war. It attempts to compare before and after
the war situations for various structures in the city including demographic,
economic, social, spatial and environmental dimensions. To do this, it analyses
written and visual documents such as master plans, satellite images and
national/international reports. The study finds outs that the inhabitants of
the city have economically developed resiliency strategies by creating new jobs.
Moreover, the residents of Benghazi construct permeant or temporary houses at
the outskirts of the city as a spatial resiliency reaction. However, this
reaction results in urban sprawl in the city which consequently stir up the pressures
on natural environmental in the city.

Keywords

iç savaş; savunma; esneklik; Bingazi.

References

• Baddeley, M. (2011). Civil War and Human Development: Impacts of Finance and Financial Infrastructure. Ballentine, K., & Nitzschke, H. (2005). The political economy of civil war and conflict transformation. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin.[http://www. berghof-handbook. net/articles/BHDS3_ BallentineNitzschke230305. pdf]. BĂNICĂ, A., & MUNTELE, I. (2015). Urban vulnerability and resilience in post-communist Romania (comparative case studies of Iași and Bacău cities and metropolitan areas). Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 10(4), 159-171. Barth, J., Li, T., McCarthy, D., Phumiwasana, T., & Yago, G. (2006). Economic impacts of global terrorism: from Munich to Bali. Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2007). Capacity development in fragile states. International Public Management with Research Triangle Institute (RTI International), Mimeo. Brzoska, M., & Fröhlich, C. (2016). Climate change, migration and violent conflict: vulnerabilities, pathways and adaptation strategies. Migration and Development, 5(2), 190-210. BSC. (2017). Number of The Libyan Population During(1984-2014) Per (1000). Tripoli: Bureau of Statistics and Census.BSRR. (2009). Benghazi Sub-Regional Report. Retrieved from Benghazi: Collier, P. (1999). On the economic consequences of civil war. Oxford economic papers, 51(1), 168-183. Collier, P., & Sambanis, N. (2005). Understanding Civil War: Africa (Vol. 1): World Bank Publications.Daw, M. A., El-Bouzedi, A., & Dau, A. A. (2016). Libyan armed conflict 2011: mortality, injury and population displacement. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 5(3), 101-107. De Boer, J. (2015). Resilience and the fragile city. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4(1). Dericioglu, K. T. (2018) Discussions on urban sprawl and planning scenarios /Interviewer: A. BARANI.Frerks, G., Warner, J., & Weijs, B. (2011). The politics of vulnerability and resilience. Ambiente & Sociedade, 14(2), 105-122. GIAL. (2012). The preliminary results of population census. Retrieved from Libya: Grünewald, F. (2016). War in Cities: Lessons Learnt for the New Century of Urban Disasters. Hewitt, J. J. (2017). Peace and conflict 2012: Routledge.Hills, A. (2004). Future war in cities: rethinking a liberal dilemma: Psychology Press.Kaplan, S. (2014). Identifying truly fragile states. The Washington Quarterly, 37(1), 49-63. Khan. (2013). The Social, Political and Economic Effects of the War on Terror: Pakistan 2009 To 2011. ISSRA PAPERS, 65. Khan, M., & Mezran, K. (2013). The Libyan Economy after the Revolution: Still No Clear Vision: Atlantic Council, Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East.Koenig, N. (2017). Libya and Syria: Inserting the European Neighbourhood Policy in the European Union’s Crisis Response Cycle. European Foreign Affairs Review, 22(1), 19-38. KUNDAK, S. (2017). Dirençliliğin Temeli. Resilience, 1(1), 55-69. Levy, B. S., & Sidel, V. W. (2007). War and public health: Oxford University Press.Marion, C., & Maurice, H. (2010). Adapting to urban displacement. Retrieved from Oxford: Mubareka, S., & Ehrlich, D. (2010). Identifying and modelling environmental indicators for assessing population vulnerability to conflict using ground and satellite data. Ecological indicators, 10(2), 493-503. Obudho, R. A. (1999). Urbanization and urban life in Africa: Creativity of order and disorder: Centre for Urban Research.OECD, O. d. c. e. d. d. é. (2016). States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence: OECD Publishing.Pedde, N. (2017). The Libyan conflict and its controversial roots. European View, 16(1), 93-102. Rotberg, R. I. (2005). Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators” dalam Robert I. Rotberg. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Sampaio, A. (2016). Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(901), 71-95. Toole, M. J., & Waldman, R. J. (1993). Refugees and displaced persons: war, hunger, and public health. Jama, 270(5), 600-605. Un-habitat. (2010). State of the world's cities 2010/2011: bridging the urban divide: EarthScan.UN-Habitat. (2016). Urban Crises Charter. Global Alliance for Urban Crises. In: UN Habitat UNCHR. (2017). MIXED MIGRATION TRENDS IN LIBYA: Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges. Retrieved from Tunis: Webb, J. W. (1963). The natural and migrational components of population changes in England and Wales, 1921–1931. Economic Geography, 39(2), 130-148. Williams, L. R., & Kapustka, L. A. (2000). Ecosystem vulnerability: a complex interface with technical components. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 19(4), 1055-1058.