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Afetlerde Özel Gereksinimli Grup Olarak Yaşlılar

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 169 - 186, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.630540

Abstract

Dünya nüfusu yaşlanırken bir sosyal politika aracı olarak yaşlı politikaları özel önem atfedilen konular arasında yerini almaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilatının İnsani Gelişme Raporları toplumda çocuklar ve engellilerin yansıra yaşlıların da afetlerde ve iklim değişikliği sonucu ortaya çıkan risklerden etkilenen en kırılgan gruplar olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Yaşlı bireyler kronik hastalıkları, fiziksel engelleri, işitme ve görme kayıpları nedeniyle, normal yaşamlarında özel ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken yardıma gereksinim duyabilmektedir. Afet-acil durumlarda örneğin sıcak ve soğuk hava koşulları ile salgın hastalık durumları kronik hastalığa sahip yaşlı bireylerin sağlık durumunu kötüleştirmekte, hayatlarını tehdit etmekte özel olarak korunması gereken nüfus kesimini oluşturmaktadırlar. Afet riskleri altında diğer bireylere göre daha savunmasız ve kırılgan olduklarından, acil durum ve afetlerde hazırlık, afetler sırasındaki müdahale ve afet sonrası yardım mekanizmalarında yaşlılar ülkemizde de özel olarak ele alınması gereken dezavantajlı gruplardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yaşlı bireylerin kronik hastalıkları ve fiziksel engelleri, genç bireyler göre yavaş hareket etmelerine neden olan kırılganlıkları (hassasiyetleri) nedeniyle özel durumları karşısında geliştirilen önlemler, uygulamalar ve sonuçlarının Dünya örnekleri ışığında incelenmesi ve ülkemiz için öneriler geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Japonya’da ve Avrupa ülkelerinde belirli acil durum ve afetlerde yaşlı gruplara yönelik gerçekleştirilen hizmetler, alınan önlemler ve kurumsal yapı örnekleri incelenmektedir. Konuya yönelik ülkemizde yerel yönetimlerin, merkezi ve taşra teşkilatlarının yaşlı hizmetlerinin acil durum ve afetlerde yaşlı-duyarlı afet yönetimi planlama süreçlerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak afet yönetimi ile uyumlu bir sosyal politika zemini her açıdan yerel afet müdahale kapasitesini ve toplumun afete dirençliliğini arttıracaktır.

References

  • Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Engelli ve Yaşlı İstatistik Bülteni, Temmuz, 2019, https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/11564/eyhgm_buelten_temmuz2019.pdf.
  • Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Prev Chronic Dis 2008;5(1).
  • American Red Cross, (Bilinmiyor) DISASTER PREPAREDNESS For Seniors By Seniors, ss:1-30. https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/Preparedness___Disaster_Recovery/Disaster_Preparedness/Disaster_Preparedness_for_Srs-English.revised_7-09.pdf
  • Baggett, J. (2006). Florida disasters and chronic disease conditions. Preventing chronic disease, 3(2) Baybora D. (2007), Çalışma Yaşamında Yaş Ayrımcılığı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, No:1788, Eskişehir.
  • Bosch, X. (2004). France makes heatwave plans to protect elderly people. The Lancet, 363(9422), 1708.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Healthy aging: Helping people to live long and productive lives and enjoy a good quality of life. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/aging. htm.
  • CNN, The story behind the photo of assisted living residents submerged in water. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/27/us/flooded-nursing-home-residents-trnd/index.html (01.02.2019).
  • Department of Elder Affairs Florida, 2018 Projections Profile of Older Floridians http://elderaffairs.state.fl.us/doea/pubs/stats/County_2018_projections/Counties/Florida.pdf ( 01.02.2018). Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing chronic disease, 5(1), A27.
  • Evin/Aubert Report to French Assemblé Nationale (2004). Rapport Fait au Nom de la Commission D’enquête sur les Conséquences Sanitaires et Sociales de la Canicule.
  • Florida Senate, 2018 Florida Statutes, Chapter 252 Emergency Management Part I. http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2018/Chapter252
  • Forbes, Why Do Older Adults Always Pay The Highest Price In A Disaster? https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarazeffgeber/2018/11/27/why-do-older-adults-always-pay-the-highest-price-in-a-disaster/ (01.02.2019).
  • Fransa Sağlık ve Yardımlaşma Bakanlığı (Ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé) https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sante-et-environnement/risques-climatiques/article/le-plan-national-canicule (01.02.2019).
  • Fujihara, K., Saito, A., Heianza, Y., Gibo, H., Suzuki, H., Shimano, H., ... & Sone, H. (2012). Impact of psychological stress caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 120(09), 560-563.
  • Harrison County Emergency Medical Services District(2009) Guidelines for Evacuation and Management of Individuals with Disabilities and Special Needs During Disasters http://co.harrison.ms.us/downloads/departmental%20downloads/ema/special%20needs%20forms/Evacuation%20Guidelines.pdf
  • Hazer O. (2009), Yaşlanan Nüfusta Yaşlılık ve Ailede Bakım, Dün, Bugün ve Yarın Yaşlılık içinde, Yaşlılık Platformu, Kasım.Ankara. 145-160.Help Age International, Japanese Red Cross (2013). Displacement and older people The case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011.
  • Help Age, (2013). Displacement and older people The case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011. Ishiura, Y., Fujimura, M., Yamamoto, H., Shiba, Y., Ohkura, N., Kasahara, K., & Ishida, Y. (2013). Asthma exacerbations after the East Japan Disaster. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 60(1.2), 61-65.
  • Karaman, Z .T. (2018). Afetlerde Erken Uyarı ve Toplumsal Farkındalık Yaratmada Etkili Kamu Politikaları. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 7 (2) , 493-517Karaman, Z. T. (2016). Afetlerde Hızlı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi ve Kriz Yönetiminde Kritik Sorgulama. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi, Nisan, Cilt 1 – Sayı 1, 1-16.
  • Kario, K. (2012). Disaster hypertension. Circulation Journal, 76(3), 553-562.
  • Madrigano, J., Mittleman, M. A., Baccarelli, A., Goldberg, R., Melly, S., Von Klot, S., & Schwartz, J. (2013). Temperature, myocardial infarction, and mortality: effect modification by individual and area-level characteristics. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 24(3), 439.
  • NHK NEWSLINE from Tokyo https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/nhknewsline/backstories/helpmark/ (20.02.2019).North of Scotland Regional Resilience Partnership Community Risk Register https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/media/864538/north_crr_version_1.2.pdf
  • Ogawa, K., Tsuji, I., Shiono, K., & Hisamichi, S. (2000). Increased acute myocardial infarction mortality following the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. International journal of epidemiology, 29(3), 449-455.Ogg, J. (2005). HEATWAVE: implications of the 2003 French heat wave for the social care of older people. Young Foundation working paper, 2.Ohkouchi, S., Shibuya, R., Yanai, M., Kikuchi, Y., Ichinose, M., & Nukiwa, T. (2013). Deterioration in regional health status after the acute phase of a great disaster: respiratory physicians' experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Respiratory investigation, 51(2), 50-55.Poumadere, M., Mays, C., Le Mer, S., & Blong, R. (2005). The 2003 heat wave in France: dangerous climate change here and now. Risk Analysis: an International Journal, 25(6), 1483-1494Shimizu, Y., Dobashi, K., Hisada, T., Ono, A., Todokoro, M., Iijima, H., ... & Morikawa, A. (2007). Acute impact of volcanic ash on asthma symptoms and treatment. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology, 20(2_suppl), 9-14.
  • Sphere Association, (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. www.spherestandards.org/handbook.
  • Tendring District Council Risk Assessments https://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/council/TDC%20Public%20CRR%20%20and%20EP%20Guidance%202013.pdf
  • Tufan İ. (2003), Modernleşen Türkiye’de Yaşlılık ve Yaşlanmak, Anahtar Kitaplar Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • TÜİK (2019), Hayat Tabloları Raporu, Sayı: 30712, 24 Eylül 2019.
  • Türel G. D.(2009). Kent Yaşamı ve Yaşlılık. Dün, Bugün ve Yarın Yaşlılık içinde, Yaşlılık Platformu, Kasım.Ankara. 63-81.
  • UK Cabinet Office, (2008). Identifying People Who Are Vulnerable in a Crisis Guidance for Emergency Planners and Responders Civil Contingencies Secretariat – February 2008 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/identifying-people-who-are-vulnerable-in-a-crisis-guidance-for-emergency-planners-and-responders (01.02.2019)United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and HelpAge International (2012). Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, and HelpAge International, London.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. www.who.int/ ageing/project World Health Organization. (2008). Older persons in emergencies: an active ageing perspective.
  • Yerli, G. (2017). Yaşlılık Dönemi Özellikleri Ve Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Hizmetler. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1979.
  • Yıldırım, E. (1999). Anthony Giddens’ın Yapılanma Teorisi. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (1), 25-44. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/bilgisosyal/issue/29108/311430

Elderly People as a Group of Citizens with Special Requirements in Disasters

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 169 - 186, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.630540

Abstract

While the world population gets older, the elderly policies as a social policy field are among the issues which are attributed special importance. The United Nations Organization's Human Development Reports emphasize that the elderly, children and disabled people in the society are the most vulnerable groups in the disasters and the risks arising from climate change. Elderly individuals may need help in meeting their specific needs in their normal lives due to chronic diseases, physical disabilities, hearing and vision loss. Emergency situation and disaster conditions worsen the health status of elderly individuals with chronic diseases and threaten their lives. In addition, the elderly population segment should be protected in hot and cold weather conditions. In such risk conditions, elderly people are one of the disadvantaged groups that should be handled in our country in case of emergency and disaster preparedness, intervention during disasters and post-disaster relief mechanisms because they are more vulnerable and fragile than others. In this study, it is aimed to examine the measures, practices and results which are developed to response to chronic diseases and physical barriers of elderly people, fragilities that cause them to move slowly compared to young individuals and special situations due to their sensitivities in the light of world examples and to develop a model proposal for our country. In this study, the services, measures taken and the examples of institutional structures implemented in the United States, Japan and European countries for the elderly groups in certain emergencies and disasters are examined, presented proposals for the elderly services of the local administrations, central and provincial organizations in our country.

References

  • Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Engelli ve Yaşlı İstatistik Bülteni, Temmuz, 2019, https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/11564/eyhgm_buelten_temmuz2019.pdf.
  • Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Prev Chronic Dis 2008;5(1).
  • American Red Cross, (Bilinmiyor) DISASTER PREPAREDNESS For Seniors By Seniors, ss:1-30. https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/Preparedness___Disaster_Recovery/Disaster_Preparedness/Disaster_Preparedness_for_Srs-English.revised_7-09.pdf
  • Baggett, J. (2006). Florida disasters and chronic disease conditions. Preventing chronic disease, 3(2) Baybora D. (2007), Çalışma Yaşamında Yaş Ayrımcılığı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, No:1788, Eskişehir.
  • Bosch, X. (2004). France makes heatwave plans to protect elderly people. The Lancet, 363(9422), 1708.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Healthy aging: Helping people to live long and productive lives and enjoy a good quality of life. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/aging. htm.
  • CNN, The story behind the photo of assisted living residents submerged in water. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/27/us/flooded-nursing-home-residents-trnd/index.html (01.02.2019).
  • Department of Elder Affairs Florida, 2018 Projections Profile of Older Floridians http://elderaffairs.state.fl.us/doea/pubs/stats/County_2018_projections/Counties/Florida.pdf ( 01.02.2018). Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing chronic disease, 5(1), A27.
  • Evin/Aubert Report to French Assemblé Nationale (2004). Rapport Fait au Nom de la Commission D’enquête sur les Conséquences Sanitaires et Sociales de la Canicule.
  • Florida Senate, 2018 Florida Statutes, Chapter 252 Emergency Management Part I. http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2018/Chapter252
  • Forbes, Why Do Older Adults Always Pay The Highest Price In A Disaster? https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarazeffgeber/2018/11/27/why-do-older-adults-always-pay-the-highest-price-in-a-disaster/ (01.02.2019).
  • Fransa Sağlık ve Yardımlaşma Bakanlığı (Ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé) https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sante-et-environnement/risques-climatiques/article/le-plan-national-canicule (01.02.2019).
  • Fujihara, K., Saito, A., Heianza, Y., Gibo, H., Suzuki, H., Shimano, H., ... & Sone, H. (2012). Impact of psychological stress caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 120(09), 560-563.
  • Harrison County Emergency Medical Services District(2009) Guidelines for Evacuation and Management of Individuals with Disabilities and Special Needs During Disasters http://co.harrison.ms.us/downloads/departmental%20downloads/ema/special%20needs%20forms/Evacuation%20Guidelines.pdf
  • Hazer O. (2009), Yaşlanan Nüfusta Yaşlılık ve Ailede Bakım, Dün, Bugün ve Yarın Yaşlılık içinde, Yaşlılık Platformu, Kasım.Ankara. 145-160.Help Age International, Japanese Red Cross (2013). Displacement and older people The case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011.
  • Help Age, (2013). Displacement and older people The case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011. Ishiura, Y., Fujimura, M., Yamamoto, H., Shiba, Y., Ohkura, N., Kasahara, K., & Ishida, Y. (2013). Asthma exacerbations after the East Japan Disaster. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 60(1.2), 61-65.
  • Karaman, Z .T. (2018). Afetlerde Erken Uyarı ve Toplumsal Farkındalık Yaratmada Etkili Kamu Politikaları. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , 7 (2) , 493-517Karaman, Z. T. (2016). Afetlerde Hızlı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi ve Kriz Yönetiminde Kritik Sorgulama. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi, Nisan, Cilt 1 – Sayı 1, 1-16.
  • Kario, K. (2012). Disaster hypertension. Circulation Journal, 76(3), 553-562.
  • Madrigano, J., Mittleman, M. A., Baccarelli, A., Goldberg, R., Melly, S., Von Klot, S., & Schwartz, J. (2013). Temperature, myocardial infarction, and mortality: effect modification by individual and area-level characteristics. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 24(3), 439.
  • NHK NEWSLINE from Tokyo https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/nhknewsline/backstories/helpmark/ (20.02.2019).North of Scotland Regional Resilience Partnership Community Risk Register https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/media/864538/north_crr_version_1.2.pdf
  • Ogawa, K., Tsuji, I., Shiono, K., & Hisamichi, S. (2000). Increased acute myocardial infarction mortality following the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. International journal of epidemiology, 29(3), 449-455.Ogg, J. (2005). HEATWAVE: implications of the 2003 French heat wave for the social care of older people. Young Foundation working paper, 2.Ohkouchi, S., Shibuya, R., Yanai, M., Kikuchi, Y., Ichinose, M., & Nukiwa, T. (2013). Deterioration in regional health status after the acute phase of a great disaster: respiratory physicians' experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Respiratory investigation, 51(2), 50-55.Poumadere, M., Mays, C., Le Mer, S., & Blong, R. (2005). The 2003 heat wave in France: dangerous climate change here and now. Risk Analysis: an International Journal, 25(6), 1483-1494Shimizu, Y., Dobashi, K., Hisada, T., Ono, A., Todokoro, M., Iijima, H., ... & Morikawa, A. (2007). Acute impact of volcanic ash on asthma symptoms and treatment. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology, 20(2_suppl), 9-14.
  • Sphere Association, (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. www.spherestandards.org/handbook.
  • Tendring District Council Risk Assessments https://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/council/TDC%20Public%20CRR%20%20and%20EP%20Guidance%202013.pdf
  • Tufan İ. (2003), Modernleşen Türkiye’de Yaşlılık ve Yaşlanmak, Anahtar Kitaplar Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • TÜİK (2019), Hayat Tabloları Raporu, Sayı: 30712, 24 Eylül 2019.
  • Türel G. D.(2009). Kent Yaşamı ve Yaşlılık. Dün, Bugün ve Yarın Yaşlılık içinde, Yaşlılık Platformu, Kasım.Ankara. 63-81.
  • UK Cabinet Office, (2008). Identifying People Who Are Vulnerable in a Crisis Guidance for Emergency Planners and Responders Civil Contingencies Secretariat – February 2008 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/identifying-people-who-are-vulnerable-in-a-crisis-guidance-for-emergency-planners-and-responders (01.02.2019)United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and HelpAge International (2012). Ageing in the Twenty-First Century: A Celebration and A Challenge. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York, and HelpAge International, London.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Global Report on Falls Prevention in Older Age. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. www.who.int/ ageing/project World Health Organization. (2008). Older persons in emergencies: an active ageing perspective.
  • Yerli, G. (2017). Yaşlılık Dönemi Özellikleri Ve Yaşlılara Yönelik Sosyal Hizmetler. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52). http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1979.
  • Yıldırım, E. (1999). Anthony Giddens’ın Yapılanma Teorisi. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (1), 25-44. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/bilgisosyal/issue/29108/311430
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özlem Çakır 0000-0002-8542-7358

Gülseren Atalay 0000-0001-7405-8115

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Acceptance Date June 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çakır, Ö., & Atalay, G. (2020). Afetlerde Özel Gereksinimli Grup Olarak Yaşlılar. Resilience, 4(1), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.630540

Cited By



Afet ve Kırılgan Gruplar
Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
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