Research Article
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Investigation of Some Physical Parameters and Aerobic–Anaerobic Power Outcomes in Mountain Skiers

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 15.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JPESS.2023.222044

Abstract

Mountain skiing, which is a competitive sport and has just developed in our country, combines high-level skiing technique and winter mountaineering. It is an endurance sport that provides more comfortable and long skiing with the possibility of climbing on difficult slopes. This research was carried out to examine some physical skill levels and aerobic and
unaerobic power levels of athletes who are interested in mountain skiing. A total of 13 mountain skiers, 2 women and 11 men, with a mean age of 20.31 ± 3.449 (years) participated in the study. Participants' age, height, and body mass information were determined by standard methods. Hand grip strength was measured with a digital hand dynamometer, joint range was measured with a reach-reach test, vertical jump height was measured with a Jumpmeter, and back and leg strength were measured with a digital dynamometer. Electronic hand spirometry was used for respiratory function test, Wingate anaerobic power test was used to determine anaerobic power level, and Bruce treadmill test protocol was used to etermine aerobic power level. Shapiro–wilk analysis was used for the distribution of the data, and descriptive statistics and frequency analysis were used for the means. Results are presented as arithmetic mean and standard deviation (X̅± Ss). As a result, considering the studies on branches with the same and/or similar characteristics, it was determined that mountain skiers
had good flexibility, moderate respiratory functions and strength characteristics, and high aerobic and anaerobic power.

References

  • Alvarez-San Emeterıo, C., & Gonzalez-Badıllo, J. J. (2010). The physical and anthropometric profiles of adolescent alpine skiers and their relationship with sporting rank. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 4(4), 1007–1012.
  • Balcı, A., Üstündağ, B., Kabak, B., Akınoğlu, B., Kocahan, T., & Hasanoğlu, A. (2021). Investigation of the relationship between the vertical jump height and Wingate anaerobic power performance of jumping events track and field athletes. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 13(1), 85–90.
  • Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology reliability and validity. Sports Medicine, 4(6), 381–394.
  • Bruce, R. A., Kusumi, F., & Hosmer, D. (1973). Maximal oxygen ıntake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobik ımpairment in cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal, 85(4), 546–562.
  • Duc, S., Cassirame, J., & Durand, F. (2011). Kayak dağcılık yarışlarının fizyolojisi. Uluslararası Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 32, 856–863.
  • Durand, F., Kippelen, P., Ceugniet, F., Gomez, V. R., Desnot, P., Poulain, M., & Préfaut, C. (2005). Undiagnosed exercise-ınduced bronchoconstriction in ski-mountaineers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 233–237.
  • Club arc Alpin (CAA) (2008). Environmental and Conservation Regulations for Ski Mountaineering Competitions. Retrieved from http://www .club-arc-alpin.eu/f​ileadmin/downloads/Papers.
  • Erdoğan, M., Sağıroğlu, İ., Şenduran, F., Ada, M., & Ateş, O. (2016). An ınvestigation of the relationship between hand grip strength and shooting performance of elite shooters. İÜ Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 1303–1414.
  • Fornasiero, A., Savoldelli, A., Boccia, G., Zignoli, A., Bortolan, L., Schena, F., & Pellegrini, B. (2018). Physiological factors associated with skimountaineering vertical race performance. Sport Sciences for Health, 14(1), 97–104.
  • Foster, C., Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., Taylor, M. M., Hare, J., Sennett, S. M., Rod, J. L., Sarwar, M., & Schmidt, D. H. (1984). Generalized equations for predicting functional capacity from treadmill performance. American Heart Journal, 107(6), 1229–1234.
  • Fox, E. (1998). The physiological basic of physical education and athletics. Saunders College Publishing.
  • Gaston, A. F., Marti Peiro, A., Hapkova, I., & Durand, F. (2019). Exploring physiological parameters in ski mountaineering during World Cup races. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(3), 275–288.
  • Hanten, W. P., Chen, W. Y., Austin, A. A., Brooks, R. E., Carter, H. C., Law, C. A., Morgan, M. K., Sanders, D. J., Swan, C. A., & Vanderslice, A. L. (1999). Maximum grip strength in normal subjects from 20 to 64 years of age. Journal of Hand Therapy, 12(3), 193–200.
  • Haug, R. C., Porcari, J. P., Brice, G., & Terry, L. (1999). Development of a maximal testing protocol for the Nordic track cross-country ski simulator. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(4), 619–623.
  • Hazır, T., Mahir, Ö. F., & Açıkada, C. (2010). Relationship between agility and body composition, anaerobic power in young soccer players. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 21(4), 146–153.
  • Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., & Skinner, J. S. (1986). The Wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics Books.
  • International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) (2007). History of ski mountaineering. Retrieved from http://theuiaa.org/i nterna.php?page=Ski_history&change_language=ENG. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2010.
  • Jastrzębska, A. D. (2020). Gender differences in postural stability among 13-year-old alpine skiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3859.
  • Lasshofer, M., Seifert, J., Wörndle, A. M., & Stöggl, T. (2021). Physiological responses and predictors of performance in a simulated competitive ski mountaineering race. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 20(2), 250–257.
  • Narin, S., Demirbüken, İ., Özyürek, S., & Eraslan, U. (2009). Dominant el kavrama ve parmak kavrama kuvvetinin önkol antropometrik ölçümlerle ilişkisi. DEÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 81–85.
  • Özkan, A., Köklü, Y., & Ersöz, G. (2010). Wingate anaerobik güç testi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 207–224.
  • Pollock, M. L., Foster, C., Schmidt, D., Hellman, C., Linnerud, A. C., & Ward, A. (1982). Comparative analysis of physiologic responces to three different maximal graded exercise test protocols in healthy woman. American Heart Journal, 103(3), 363–373.
  • Praz, C., Léger, B., & Kayser, B. (2014). Energy expenditure of extreme competitive mountaineering skiing. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(10), 2201–2211.
  • Pröbstl-Haider, U., & Lampl, R. (2017). From conflict to co-creation: Skitouring on groomed slopes in Austria. In co-creation and well-being in tourism (pp. 69–82). Springer International Publishing.
  • Rogers, I. R., Inglis, S., Speedy, D., Hillman, D., Noffsinger, B., & Jacobs, I. (2001). Changes in respiratory function during a wilderness multisport endurance competition. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 12(1), 13–16.
  • Schenk, K., Faulhaber, M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., & Ferrari, M. (2011). Ski mountaineering competition: Fit for ıt? Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 21(2), 114–118.
  • Sunde, A., Christoffersen, F., Johansen, J. M., & Støren, Ø. (2021). Steeper or faster? Tactical dispositions to minimize oxygen cost in ski mountaineering. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 828389.
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-olympics endurance disciplines: Olympicmedal benchmarks for the time period 1990–2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835–839.
  • Ünver, F., Kılıç Toprak, E., Alemdaroğlu, B. U., Kılıç Erkek, Ö., Özdemir, Y., Oymak, B., Küçükatay, V., Yağcı, A. B., & Bor Küçükatay, M. (2020). A bout of upper body Wingate anaerobic power and capacity test alters blood rheology in untrained ındividuals. Pamukkale Medical Journal, 13(2), 248–256

Dağ Kayakçılarında Bazı Fiziksel Parametreler İle Aerobik-Anaerobik Güç Çıktılarının İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 15.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JPESS.2023.222044

Abstract

Yarışma sporu olan ve ülkemizde henüz gelişen dağ kayağı branşı, üst düzey kayak tekniği ve kış dağcılığını bir araya getirmektedir. Zorlu yamaçlarda tırmanış olanağı ile daha rahat ve uzun kayak yapılmasını sağlayan bir dayanıklılık sporudur. Bu araştırma, dağ kayağı branşı ile ilgilenen sporcuların bazı fiziksel beceri düzeyleri ile aerobik ve anaerobik güç düzeylerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, yaş ortalaması 20,31 ± 3,449 (yıl) olan, 2 kadın, 11 erkek olmak üzere toplam 13 dağ kayağı sporcusu katılmıştır. Katılımcıların, yaş, boy ve vücut kütlesi bilgileri standart yöntemlerle belirlenmiştir. El kavrama kuvveti dijital el dinamometresi ile, eklem aralık açıklığı uzan-eriş testi ile, dikey sıçrama yüksekliği Jumpmetre ile, sırt ve bacak kuvveti ise dijital dinamometre ile ölçülmüştür. Solunum fonksiyonları testi için elektronik el spirometresi, anaerobik güç düzeyinin belirlenmesi için Wingate anaerobik güç testi (WAnT), aerobik güç düzeyinin belirlenmesi için ise Bruce treadmill test protokolü kullanılmıştır. Verilerin dağılımı için shapiro-wilk analizi, ortalamalar için ise tanımlayıcı istatistik ve frekans analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma (X̅± Ss) olarak sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, aynı ve/veya yakın özellikteki branşlar üzerindeki incelemeler dikkate alındığında, dağ kayakçılarının iyi düzeyde esneklik özelliğine, orta düzeyli solunum fonksiyonlarına ve kuvvet özelliğine, yüksek düzeyde aerobik ve
anaerobik güce sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Alvarez-San Emeterıo, C., & Gonzalez-Badıllo, J. J. (2010). The physical and anthropometric profiles of adolescent alpine skiers and their relationship with sporting rank. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 4(4), 1007–1012.
  • Balcı, A., Üstündağ, B., Kabak, B., Akınoğlu, B., Kocahan, T., & Hasanoğlu, A. (2021). Investigation of the relationship between the vertical jump height and Wingate anaerobic power performance of jumping events track and field athletes. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 13(1), 85–90.
  • Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test. An update on methodology reliability and validity. Sports Medicine, 4(6), 381–394.
  • Bruce, R. A., Kusumi, F., & Hosmer, D. (1973). Maximal oxygen ıntake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobik ımpairment in cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal, 85(4), 546–562.
  • Duc, S., Cassirame, J., & Durand, F. (2011). Kayak dağcılık yarışlarının fizyolojisi. Uluslararası Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 32, 856–863.
  • Durand, F., Kippelen, P., Ceugniet, F., Gomez, V. R., Desnot, P., Poulain, M., & Préfaut, C. (2005). Undiagnosed exercise-ınduced bronchoconstriction in ski-mountaineers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 233–237.
  • Club arc Alpin (CAA) (2008). Environmental and Conservation Regulations for Ski Mountaineering Competitions. Retrieved from http://www .club-arc-alpin.eu/f​ileadmin/downloads/Papers.
  • Erdoğan, M., Sağıroğlu, İ., Şenduran, F., Ada, M., & Ateş, O. (2016). An ınvestigation of the relationship between hand grip strength and shooting performance of elite shooters. İÜ Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 1303–1414.
  • Fornasiero, A., Savoldelli, A., Boccia, G., Zignoli, A., Bortolan, L., Schena, F., & Pellegrini, B. (2018). Physiological factors associated with skimountaineering vertical race performance. Sport Sciences for Health, 14(1), 97–104.
  • Foster, C., Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., Taylor, M. M., Hare, J., Sennett, S. M., Rod, J. L., Sarwar, M., & Schmidt, D. H. (1984). Generalized equations for predicting functional capacity from treadmill performance. American Heart Journal, 107(6), 1229–1234.
  • Fox, E. (1998). The physiological basic of physical education and athletics. Saunders College Publishing.
  • Gaston, A. F., Marti Peiro, A., Hapkova, I., & Durand, F. (2019). Exploring physiological parameters in ski mountaineering during World Cup races. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(3), 275–288.
  • Hanten, W. P., Chen, W. Y., Austin, A. A., Brooks, R. E., Carter, H. C., Law, C. A., Morgan, M. K., Sanders, D. J., Swan, C. A., & Vanderslice, A. L. (1999). Maximum grip strength in normal subjects from 20 to 64 years of age. Journal of Hand Therapy, 12(3), 193–200.
  • Haug, R. C., Porcari, J. P., Brice, G., & Terry, L. (1999). Development of a maximal testing protocol for the Nordic track cross-country ski simulator. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(4), 619–623.
  • Hazır, T., Mahir, Ö. F., & Açıkada, C. (2010). Relationship between agility and body composition, anaerobic power in young soccer players. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 21(4), 146–153.
  • Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., & Skinner, J. S. (1986). The Wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics Books.
  • International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) (2007). History of ski mountaineering. Retrieved from http://theuiaa.org/i nterna.php?page=Ski_history&change_language=ENG. Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2010.
  • Jastrzębska, A. D. (2020). Gender differences in postural stability among 13-year-old alpine skiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3859.
  • Lasshofer, M., Seifert, J., Wörndle, A. M., & Stöggl, T. (2021). Physiological responses and predictors of performance in a simulated competitive ski mountaineering race. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 20(2), 250–257.
  • Narin, S., Demirbüken, İ., Özyürek, S., & Eraslan, U. (2009). Dominant el kavrama ve parmak kavrama kuvvetinin önkol antropometrik ölçümlerle ilişkisi. DEÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 81–85.
  • Özkan, A., Köklü, Y., & Ersöz, G. (2010). Wingate anaerobik güç testi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 207–224.
  • Pollock, M. L., Foster, C., Schmidt, D., Hellman, C., Linnerud, A. C., & Ward, A. (1982). Comparative analysis of physiologic responces to three different maximal graded exercise test protocols in healthy woman. American Heart Journal, 103(3), 363–373.
  • Praz, C., Léger, B., & Kayser, B. (2014). Energy expenditure of extreme competitive mountaineering skiing. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(10), 2201–2211.
  • Pröbstl-Haider, U., & Lampl, R. (2017). From conflict to co-creation: Skitouring on groomed slopes in Austria. In co-creation and well-being in tourism (pp. 69–82). Springer International Publishing.
  • Rogers, I. R., Inglis, S., Speedy, D., Hillman, D., Noffsinger, B., & Jacobs, I. (2001). Changes in respiratory function during a wilderness multisport endurance competition. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 12(1), 13–16.
  • Schenk, K., Faulhaber, M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., & Ferrari, M. (2011). Ski mountaineering competition: Fit for ıt? Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 21(2), 114–118.
  • Sunde, A., Christoffersen, F., Johansen, J. M., & Støren, Ø. (2021). Steeper or faster? Tactical dispositions to minimize oxygen cost in ski mountaineering. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 828389.
  • Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-olympics endurance disciplines: Olympicmedal benchmarks for the time period 1990–2013. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(7), 835–839.
  • Ünver, F., Kılıç Toprak, E., Alemdaroğlu, B. U., Kılıç Erkek, Ö., Özdemir, Y., Oymak, B., Küçükatay, V., Yağcı, A. B., & Bor Küçükatay, M. (2020). A bout of upper body Wingate anaerobic power and capacity test alters blood rheology in untrained ındividuals. Pamukkale Medical Journal, 13(2), 248–256
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sibel Tetik Dündar This is me 0000-0001-6813-0969

İbrahim Orkun Akcan 0000-0001-6983-2145

Eser Ağgön This is me 0000-0002-2623-6869

Publication Date March 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tetik Dündar, S., Akcan, İ. O., & Ağgön, E. (2023). Dağ Kayakçılarında Bazı Fiziksel Parametreler İle Aerobik-Anaerobik Güç Çıktılarının İncelenmesi. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 25(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5152/JPESS.2023.222044

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