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The Making of Egypt: A Review of the Influence of Susa and Sumer on Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium B.C.

Year 2024, , 105 - 124, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1468634

Abstract

In the study, the effects of the Susa I, II, III Period cultures in Iran and the Ubaid, Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Period cultures in Mesopotamia on the Naqada culture in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia were analysed. Archaeological artefacts such as cylinder seals and seal impressions discovered in Iran and Mesopotamia, wall paintings, ivory and gold plated knife handles and mace fragments discovered in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia were used in this study. As a result of the comparison of these archaeological artefacts, it has been understood that the archaeological artefacts found in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia and the archaeological artefacts unearthed in Iran and Mesopotamia are similar in terms of artistic characteristics. In addition, it has been determined that the archaeological artefacts discovered in Iran and Mesopotamia belong to earlier periods than the archaeological artefacts discovered in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia. Considering this chronological difference, it has been argued that the similarities between the archaeological artefacts do not originate from an ordinary trade relationship or a coincidental cultural proximity. It has been claimed that a distinct Iranian and Mesopotamian cultural influence on the geography of Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia is the main reason for these similarities.

References

  • Amiet, P. (1980). La Glyptique Mesopotamienne Archaique. Paris: CNRS. (AGMA in text).
  • Asselberghs, H. (1961). Chaos en Beheersing. Documenten uit aeneolitisch Egypte. Leiden. (ACB in text).
  • Boehmer, R. M. (1974). “Das Rollsiegel in pradynastischen Agypten”, Arch.Anz., 4, 495-514.
  • Churcher, C. S. (1984). “Zoological Study of the Ivory Knife Handle from Abu Zaidan”, in W. Needier, Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, 152-169.
  • Firth, C. M. (1927). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1910-11. Cairo.
  • Fischer, H. G. (1958). “A Fragment of Late Predynastic Egyptian Relief from the Eastern Delta”, Artibus Asiae, 31, 64-88.
  • Frankfort, H. (1939). Cylinder Seals. London.
  • Gardiner, A. (1957). Egyptian Grammar. Third ed., Oxford.
  • Hoffman, M. A. (1980). Egypt before the Pharaohs. London.
  • Kaiser, W. (1957). “Zur inneren Chronologie der Naqadakultur”, Archaeologia Geographica, 6, 69-77.
  • Kaiser, W. (1990). “Zur Enstehung des gesamtagyptischen Staates”, MDAIK, 46, 287-299.
  • Kantor, H. (1965). “Egypt and its Foreign Correlations”, R. W. Ehrich (Ed.). Chronologies on Old World Archaeology. Chicago.
  • Needler, W. (1984). Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn.
  • Petrie, Hilda (1953). Ceremonial Slate Palettes. London: BSAE 66b.
  • Petrie, W. M. F. (1939). The Making of Egypt. London.
  • Rice, M. (1984). Egypt’s Making. London: Routledge.
  • Williams, B. B. (1986). The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul: Cemetery L. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 3.
  • Williams, B. B. and Logan, T. J. (1987). “The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer”, JNES, 46, 245-285.
  • Williams, B. B. (1988). “Narmer and the Coptos Colossi”, JARCE, 25, 35-59.

Mısır’ın Oluşumu: MÖ 4. Binyılda Susa ve Sümer’in Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye Üzerindeki Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, , 105 - 124, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1468634

Abstract

Çalışmada İran’daki Susa I, II, III Dönemi kültürleri ile Mezopotamya’daki Ubeyd, Uruk ve Cemdet Nasr Dönemi kültürlerinin, Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye’deki Nakada kültürü üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. İncelemenin yapılmasında, İran ve Mezopotamya’da keşfedilen silindir mühür ve mühür baskıları ile Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye’de keşfedilen duvar resimleri, fildişi ve altın kaplı bıçak sapları ve gürz parçaları gibi arkeolojik eserlerden faydalanılmıştır. Söz konusu arkeolojik eserlerin karşılaştırılması sonucunda Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye’de bulunan arkeolojik eserler ile İran ve Mezopotamya’da ortaya çıkarılan arkeolojik eserlerin sanat özellikleri bakımından benzer oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra İran ve Mezopotamya’da ortaya çıkarılan arkeolojik eserlerin, Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye’de keşfedilen arkeolojik eserlerden daha erken dönemlere ait oldukları saptanmıştır. Bu kronolojik farklılık göz önünde bulundurularak arkeolojik eserler arasındaki benzerliklerin, sıradan bir ticaret ilişkisi veya tesadüfi bir kültürel yakınlıktan kaynaklanmadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Yukarı Mısır ve Aşağı Nübye coğrafyası üzerindeki belirgin bir İran ve Mezopotamya kültürel etkisinin, söz konusu benzerliklerin asıl sebebini meydana getirdiği iddia edilmiştir.

References

  • Amiet, P. (1980). La Glyptique Mesopotamienne Archaique. Paris: CNRS. (AGMA in text).
  • Asselberghs, H. (1961). Chaos en Beheersing. Documenten uit aeneolitisch Egypte. Leiden. (ACB in text).
  • Boehmer, R. M. (1974). “Das Rollsiegel in pradynastischen Agypten”, Arch.Anz., 4, 495-514.
  • Churcher, C. S. (1984). “Zoological Study of the Ivory Knife Handle from Abu Zaidan”, in W. Needier, Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, 152-169.
  • Firth, C. M. (1927). The Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1910-11. Cairo.
  • Fischer, H. G. (1958). “A Fragment of Late Predynastic Egyptian Relief from the Eastern Delta”, Artibus Asiae, 31, 64-88.
  • Frankfort, H. (1939). Cylinder Seals. London.
  • Gardiner, A. (1957). Egyptian Grammar. Third ed., Oxford.
  • Hoffman, M. A. (1980). Egypt before the Pharaohs. London.
  • Kaiser, W. (1957). “Zur inneren Chronologie der Naqadakultur”, Archaeologia Geographica, 6, 69-77.
  • Kaiser, W. (1990). “Zur Enstehung des gesamtagyptischen Staates”, MDAIK, 46, 287-299.
  • Kantor, H. (1965). “Egypt and its Foreign Correlations”, R. W. Ehrich (Ed.). Chronologies on Old World Archaeology. Chicago.
  • Needler, W. (1984). Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn.
  • Petrie, Hilda (1953). Ceremonial Slate Palettes. London: BSAE 66b.
  • Petrie, W. M. F. (1939). The Making of Egypt. London.
  • Rice, M. (1984). Egypt’s Making. London: Routledge.
  • Williams, B. B. (1986). The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul: Cemetery L. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 3.
  • Williams, B. B. and Logan, T. J. (1987). “The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer”, JNES, 46, 245-285.
  • Williams, B. B. (1988). “Narmer and the Coptos Colossi”, JARCE, 25, 35-59.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Historical Studies (Other)
Journal Section Translations
Translators

Eray Karaketir 0000-0002-0452-7622

Publication Date June 29, 2024
Submission Date April 15, 2024
Acceptance Date June 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD , trans.Karaketir, Eray. “Mısır’ın Oluşumu: MÖ 4. Binyılda Susa Ve Sümer’in Yukarı Mısır Ve Aşağı Nübye Üzerindeki Etkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/1 (June 2024), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.34086/rteusbe.1468634.

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