THE FOUNDATIONS, SCOPE AND UNIVERSALITY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF "EVERYONE IS INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY "
Öz
ABSTRACT
The principles of the religion of Islam are generally separated as faith, deeds and morals. Deeds are covered within the scope of Islamic Law (Fiqh). Islamic Law also has two types of writing: method (usûl) and issue (füru'). Many sub-literary genres have emerged with these writing types of the science of Islamic Law. One of these sub-genres is called regulations (kavaid) literature which is a general rule. These rules are called "universal rules". A person becomes guilty if his guilt is proven, a debtor if his debt is proven, and a sinner if he commits a sin. Contrary to Christianity’s claim about the existence of the original sin, there is no original sin in Islam. If there is doubt about the proof of crime and debt, the situation is evaluated in favor of the accused, in a manner that is essentially based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
The principle of “everyone is innocent until proven guilty” is valid in criminal law, in the law of obligations and in worship. This principle is also related to some other general rules as well. It is a universal rule that a person should be essentially debt-free and guilt-free; and this rule has its place in all legal systems. This principle is also present in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to this declaration, the person is publicly innocent until proven guilty; and everyone has the right to defend themselves. The principle of essential acquittal is also present in the legal systems applied today. Currently in law, this principle is called “presumption of innocence (guiltlessness)”.
Anahtar Kelimeler
“BERÂET-İ ZİMMET ASILDIR” KAİDESİNİN TEMELLERİ, KAPSAMI VE EVRENSELLİĞİ
Öz
Öz
İslam dininin esasları genel olarak iman, amel, ahlak kısımlarına ayrılmıştır. Amel, fıkhın kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Fıkıh da usûl ve füru‘ şeklinde ifade edilen iki yazım türüne sahip olmuştur. Fıkıh ilminin bu yazım türleriyle birçok alt edebi türler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu alt türlerden birisi de kavâid edebiyatı denilen genel kurallardır. Bu kurallara “küllî kâideler” denilmektedir. Küllî kâidelerin kaynağı dinî naslar, fıkhî miras ve kültürel unsurlardır. İslam hukukundaki genel kurallardan bir tanesi de “Berâet-i zimmet asıldır” kâidesidir. Bu kâideye göre kişi asıl olarak doğuştan, suçsuzdur, borçsuzdur. Bu kural aynı zamanda “Asli berâet ilkesi” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kişi suçu ispat edilirse suçlu, borcu ispat edilirse borçlu olur. Kişinin zimmetinin boş olması temel olarak Kur’ân-ı Kerim ve Sünnete dayanmaktadır.
Asli berâet ilkesi ibadetlerde, borçlar hukukunda, ceza hukukunda geçerlidir. İslam hukukunun temel prensiplerinden birisi olan kişinin borçsuzluğu ve suçsuzluğu ilkesi esasen, evrensel bir kuraldır. Bütün hukuk sistemlerinde yeri vardır. İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi’nde de mevcuttur. Bu beyannameye göre; kişi kamuya açık olarak suçu ispatlanıncaya kadar suçsuzdur. Kendisini savunma hakkı vardır. Asli berâet ilkesi günümüzde uygulanan hukuk sistemlerinde de mevcuttur. Bu ilkeye güncel hukukta “masumiyet (suçsuzluk) karinesi” denilmektedir.
ABSTRACT
The principles of the religion of Islam are generally separated as faith, deeds and morals. Deeds are covered within the scope of Islamic Law (Fiqh). Islamic Law also has two types of writing: method (usûl) and issue (füru'). Many sub-literary genres have emerged with these writing types of the science of Islamic Law. One of these sub-genres is called regulations (kavaid) literature which is a general rule. These rules are called "universal rules". A person becomes guilty if his guilt is proven, a debtor if his debt is proven, and a sinner if he commits a sin. Contrary to Christianity’s claim about the existence of the original sin, there is no original sin in Islam. If there is doubt about the proof of crime and debt, the situation is evaluated in favor of the accused, in a manner that is essentially based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
The principle of “everyone is innocent until proven guilty” is valid in criminal law, in the law of obligations and in worship. This principle is also related to some other general rules as well. It is a universal rule that a person should be essentially debt-free and guilt-free; and this rule has its place in all legal systems. This principle is also present in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to this declaration, the person is publicly innocent until proven guilty; and everyone has the right to defend themselves. The principle of essential acquittal is also present in the legal systems applied today. Currently in law, this principle is called “presumption of innocence (guiltlessness)”.
Anahtar Kelimeler
