Türkçede olumsuzluğa duyarlı ifadeler: Olumsuz uçluk mu olumsuz uyum mu?

Öz

Bu makale, Türkçede hiçkimse ve asla gibi olumsuzluğa duyarlı ifadelerin doğası ile ilgilidir. Önceki çalışmalarda, bu olumsuz ifadelerin yapıda tümcesel bir olumsuzlamaya ya da başka bir izin vericiye ihtiyaç duydukları açıkça ortaya konmuştur. Buna rağmen, bu olumsuzluğa duyarlı ifadelerin tam ne oldukları ve bu tür davranışları neden gösterdiklerine ilişkin hala bir çelişki bulunmaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar bunların olumsuz uçluk ifadeleri olduğunu ortaya sürerken, diğerleri ise aynı ifadelerin (varlıksal) olumsuz-sözcükler ya da olumsuz uyum ifadeleri olduğunu önermişlerdir. Bundan dolayı, bu olumsuzluğa duyarlı ifadelerin dilde hangi kategoriye ait oldukları sorusu hala güncelliğini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, önceki çalışmalarda kullanılmış birtakım bulgulayıcı testler kullanılarak, olumsuzluğa duyarlı ifadelerin gerçek özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak adına bu soruya cevap aranmaktadır. Türkçede bu ifadelerin sözdizimsel ve anlambilimsel davranışları kendilerinin olumsuz uçluk ifadeleri değil de olumsuz uyum ifadeleri olduğunu açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca bu ifadelerin hem evrensel hem de varlıksal niceleyici davranışları gösterdikleri de gösterilmektedir. Bunun sebebi, bu ifadelerin dilde hem evrensel niceleyici hem de varlıksal niceleyici olarak yorumlanabilmeleridir. Bu bulgu, olumsuz uyum ifadelerinin değişik dillerde farklı niceleyici elementler olarak davranış sergileyebileceklerine dair yapılan dilbilimsel tahminlerle uyum göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Olumsuz uçluk
• olumsuz uyum
• evrensel ve varlıksal niceleyici,
• Türkçe

Negative sensitive items in Turkish: Negative polarity or negative concord?

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the nature of negative sensitive items such as hiçkimse ‘no one’ and asla ‘never’ in Turkish. It is well attested in previous studies that these negative sensitive elements require the obligatory presence of sentential negation or some other licensor in the structure. However, there is still an ongoing controversy as to what these negative sensitive elements actually are and why they behave the way they do. Some researchers proposed that these elements are negative polarity items (NPIs) whereas others suggested that they are (existential) n-words or negative concord items (NCIs). Therefore, the question remains as to which category these elements belong to in the language. In this work, I address this question by using a comprehensive set of diagnostic tests proposed in prior work to find out the true characteristic of these elements. I argue that their syntactic and semantic behavior strongly indicate that they should be classified as NCIs, and not as NPIs in Turkish. I also show that these negative sensitive items display the characteristics of both the universal quantifier and the existential quantifier. This is because they can be interpreted either way in the language. This finding is compatible with the cross-linguistic predictions that NCIs are able to display the behavior of different quantificational elements across languages.

Keywords

• Negative polarity
• negative concord
• universal and existential quantifier
• Turkish

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