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George Moore’un Esther Waters eserinde kadının konumuna yapısalcı bir yaklaşım

Year 2020, Issue: Ö8, 720 - 731, 21.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.821918

Abstract

Yapısalcılık, parça ve bütün arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlar. Bu çalışma, George Moore’un Esther Waters (1894) eserini yapısalcı yaklaşım açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Romanın yüzeysel yapısı, oğlunu tek başına büyüten Esther’e odaklanır. Dizimsel bağıntı açısından Esther, William ile evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, oğlunu tek başına büyütür, ancak sonunda William ile evlenir. Dizisel bağıntı açısından, yetim olan ve erken yaşta çalışmaya başlayan Esher ve William arasında eşyapılılık bir ilişki vardır. Eğitim ve annelik, derin yapıda açık göstergeler haline gelir: Gösteren eğitimken gösterilen meslektir ve gösteren annelikken, gösterilen fedakarlıktır. Derin yapı açısından, romanın uyumu ‘özne olarak varlık’ ve ‘nesne olarak varlık’ arasındaki ikili karşıtlık üzerine kuruludur. ‘Özne olarak varlık’ olan Esther, bir seçim yapıp evlilik dışı bir cinsel ilişki yaşar, gerekli adımı atıp oğlunu doğurur ve sorumluluk üstlenip oğlu için mücadele eder. Romanın ezgisi, evlenme hakkında kısır bir döngü üzerine kuruludur. Roman biter ama ezgisi devam eder çünkü kadınlar maddi özgürlük sağlayacak eğitimden ve mesleklerden mahrum bırakılmaya devam edecek. Derin anlama gelince, zihinsel kapasite açısından kadınlar ve erkekler arasında doğuştan gelen bir fark yoktur ancak erkek egemen toplum tarafından kadınlara dayatılan önyargılar vardır ve kadınlara toplumda eş ve anne rolünü sahiplenerek evlenmekten başka bir seçenek sunulmamaktadır.

References

  • Aksan, D. (1977). Her Yönüyle Dil (Ana Çizgileriyle Dilbilim) II. Ankara: TDK 439.
  • Alkan, H. (2016). “A Structuralist Analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s The Flies”. Artuklu Human and Social Science Journal, 1(1), 64-71. http://dergipark.org.tr/itbhssj/issue/27927/296671
  • Alkan, H. (2018). George Eliot’ın Middlemarch, Sarah Grand’ın Cennetlik İkizler Ve George Moore’un Esther Waters Romanlarında Kadının Konumunun Psikanalitik Liberal Feminizm Yaklaşımıyla İncelenmesi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ankara University.
  • Alkan, H. (2019). “A Structuralist Analysis of Women’s Position in George Eliot’s Middlemarch”. In Zehra Göre (Eds.), Academic Studies in Philology-2019/2, Cetinje-Montenegro: IVPE (pp.53-74). http://www.uakb.org/2019-eylul-kitaplari
  • Alkan, H. (2020, September 2-5). Women’s Position in George Moore’s “Esther Waters” [Conference presentation abstract]. 2nd International Congress on Academic Studies in Philology, Bandırma/Balıkesir, Turkey. https://webyonetim.bandirma.edu.tr/Content/Web/Yuklemeler/DosyaYoneticisi/437/files/BICOASP%202020%20Book%20of%20Abstracts%20Final.pdf
  • Barker, H. (2005). Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. London: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (1972). Critical Essays (Trans. Richard Howard). Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press.
  • Boulding, E. (1976). The Underside of History, A View of Women Through Time. Boulder (Colorado): Westview Press.
  • Caine, B. (1997). English Feminism 1780-1980. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cannon, C. (1999). “The Rights of Medieval English Women: Crime and the Issue of Representation”. Medieval Crime and Social Control (Ed. Barbara A. Hanawalt and David Wallace). Mineapolis: Claredon Press, pp.156-185.
  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Culler, J. (1973). Structuralist Poetics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
  • Çaha, Ö. (2003). “Feminizm”. Siyaset (Comp. Mümtaz’er Türköne). Ankara: Lotus (pp.559-589).
  • Doğramacı, E. (1992). Türkiye’de Kadının Dünü ve Bugünü. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası.
  • Eichenbaum, B. (1965). “The Theory of the Formal Method”, Russian Formalist Criticism (Trans. Lee T. Lemon - M. J. Reis). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • French, M. (1983). Beyond Power: On Women, Man, and Morals. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Gies, F. (1980). Women in the Middle Ages. New York: Barnes and Noble.
  • Greimas, A. J. (1983). Structural Semantics; An Attempt at a Method (Trans. Danielle McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, Alan Velie). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Hawkes, T. (1989). Structuralism and Semiotics. UK Suffolk: Routledge.
  • Jakobson, R. & Morrise, H. (1971). Fundamentals of Language. Paris: Mouton.
  • Kayahan, F. (1999). Feminizm. İstanbul: BDS.................................
  • Lane, M. (1970). “The Structuralist Method”, Structuralism: A Reader (Comp. Michael Lane). New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • Leach, E. (1973). Claude Levi-Strauss. New York: The Viking Press.
  • Levi-Strauss, C. (1963). Structural Anthropology (Trans. Clause Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf). New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • Michel, A. (1993). Feminizm (Trans. Şirin Tekeli). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Mill, J. S. (1869). The Subjection of Women. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.
  • Mohl, R. (1933). The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Moore, G. (2012). Esther Waters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Palmer, J. (1837, 1910). Records and Chronicles. London: Courtauld.
  • Pettit, P. (1975). The Concept of Structuralism: A Critical Analysis. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
  • Propp, V. (2005). Morphology of The Folk Tale (Trans. Laurence Scott). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (1992). Being and Nothingness. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Saussure, F. (1976). Genel Dilbilim Dersleri I (Trans. Berke Vardar). Ankara: TDK. Taylor Mill, H. (1994). “The Enfranchisement of Women (1851)”. Sexual Equality: Writings by John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill and Helen Taylor (Ed. Ann P. Robson & John M. Robson). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (pp.178-203).
  • Wakefield, W. (1969). Heresies of the Middle Ages: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated. London: H.M.’s.
  • Wollstonecraft, M. (1988). A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Ed. Carol H. Poston). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Yüksel, A. (1995). Yapısalcılık ve Bir Uygulama. Ankara: Gündoğan.
  • Yüksel, A. (2011). Drama Sanatında Ezgi ve Uyum. İstanbul: Mitos-Boyut.

A Structuralist approach to women’s position in George Moore’s Esther Waters

Year 2020, Issue: Ö8, 720 - 731, 21.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.821918

Abstract

Structuralism defines the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse George Moore’s Esther Waters (1894) in terms of structuralist approach. The surface structure of the novel focuses on Esther raising her son alone. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Esther has an extramarital sexual intercourse with William, raises her son alone, but finally marries William. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is homology of relationship between Esher and William who are orphans and start work at early ages. Education and motherhood become explicit signs in the deep structure: While the signifier is education, the signified is profession; and while the signifier is motherhood, the signified is self-sacrifice. As for the deep structure, its harmony operates on binary opposition between ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. As a ‘being as a subject’, Esther makes a choice by having an extramarital sexual intercourse, takes its action by giving birth to her son, and takes its responsibility by struggling for her son. Its melody operates on the fixed cycle of getting married. The novel ends but its melody continues because women will continue to be deprived of education and professions that will provide financial freedom. As for the deep meaning, there is no innate difference between men and women in terms of mental capacity, but there are prejudices imposed by the male-dominated society on women who are left with no choice but to marry and have only the role of a wife and mother in society.

References

  • Aksan, D. (1977). Her Yönüyle Dil (Ana Çizgileriyle Dilbilim) II. Ankara: TDK 439.
  • Alkan, H. (2016). “A Structuralist Analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre’s The Flies”. Artuklu Human and Social Science Journal, 1(1), 64-71. http://dergipark.org.tr/itbhssj/issue/27927/296671
  • Alkan, H. (2018). George Eliot’ın Middlemarch, Sarah Grand’ın Cennetlik İkizler Ve George Moore’un Esther Waters Romanlarında Kadının Konumunun Psikanalitik Liberal Feminizm Yaklaşımıyla İncelenmesi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ankara University.
  • Alkan, H. (2019). “A Structuralist Analysis of Women’s Position in George Eliot’s Middlemarch”. In Zehra Göre (Eds.), Academic Studies in Philology-2019/2, Cetinje-Montenegro: IVPE (pp.53-74). http://www.uakb.org/2019-eylul-kitaplari
  • Alkan, H. (2020, September 2-5). Women’s Position in George Moore’s “Esther Waters” [Conference presentation abstract]. 2nd International Congress on Academic Studies in Philology, Bandırma/Balıkesir, Turkey. https://webyonetim.bandirma.edu.tr/Content/Web/Yuklemeler/DosyaYoneticisi/437/files/BICOASP%202020%20Book%20of%20Abstracts%20Final.pdf
  • Barker, H. (2005). Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. London: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (1972). Critical Essays (Trans. Richard Howard). Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press.
  • Boulding, E. (1976). The Underside of History, A View of Women Through Time. Boulder (Colorado): Westview Press.
  • Caine, B. (1997). English Feminism 1780-1980. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cannon, C. (1999). “The Rights of Medieval English Women: Crime and the Issue of Representation”. Medieval Crime and Social Control (Ed. Barbara A. Hanawalt and David Wallace). Mineapolis: Claredon Press, pp.156-185.
  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Culler, J. (1973). Structuralist Poetics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
  • Çaha, Ö. (2003). “Feminizm”. Siyaset (Comp. Mümtaz’er Türköne). Ankara: Lotus (pp.559-589).
  • Doğramacı, E. (1992). Türkiye’de Kadının Dünü ve Bugünü. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası.
  • Eichenbaum, B. (1965). “The Theory of the Formal Method”, Russian Formalist Criticism (Trans. Lee T. Lemon - M. J. Reis). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • French, M. (1983). Beyond Power: On Women, Man, and Morals. New York: Ballantine Books.
  • Gies, F. (1980). Women in the Middle Ages. New York: Barnes and Noble.
  • Greimas, A. J. (1983). Structural Semantics; An Attempt at a Method (Trans. Danielle McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, Alan Velie). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Hawkes, T. (1989). Structuralism and Semiotics. UK Suffolk: Routledge.
  • Jakobson, R. & Morrise, H. (1971). Fundamentals of Language. Paris: Mouton.
  • Kayahan, F. (1999). Feminizm. İstanbul: BDS.................................
  • Lane, M. (1970). “The Structuralist Method”, Structuralism: A Reader (Comp. Michael Lane). New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • Leach, E. (1973). Claude Levi-Strauss. New York: The Viking Press.
  • Levi-Strauss, C. (1963). Structural Anthropology (Trans. Clause Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf). New York: Basic Books Inc.
  • Michel, A. (1993). Feminizm (Trans. Şirin Tekeli). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Mill, J. S. (1869). The Subjection of Women. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.
  • Mohl, R. (1933). The Three Estates in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Moore, G. (2012). Esther Waters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Palmer, J. (1837, 1910). Records and Chronicles. London: Courtauld.
  • Pettit, P. (1975). The Concept of Structuralism: A Critical Analysis. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
  • Propp, V. (2005). Morphology of The Folk Tale (Trans. Laurence Scott). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (1992). Being and Nothingness. New York: Washington Square Press.
  • Saussure, F. (1976). Genel Dilbilim Dersleri I (Trans. Berke Vardar). Ankara: TDK. Taylor Mill, H. (1994). “The Enfranchisement of Women (1851)”. Sexual Equality: Writings by John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill and Helen Taylor (Ed. Ann P. Robson & John M. Robson). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (pp.178-203).
  • Wakefield, W. (1969). Heresies of the Middle Ages: Selected Sources Translated and Annotated. London: H.M.’s.
  • Wollstonecraft, M. (1988). A Vindication of the Rights of Women (Ed. Carol H. Poston). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Yüksel, A. (1995). Yapısalcılık ve Bir Uygulama. Ankara: Gündoğan.
  • Yüksel, A. (2011). Drama Sanatında Ezgi ve Uyum. İstanbul: Mitos-Boyut.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section World languages, cultures and litertures
Authors

Halit Alkan This is me 0000-0002-7170-6196

Publication Date November 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: Ö8

Cite

APA Alkan, H. (2020). A Structuralist approach to women’s position in George Moore’s Esther Waters. RumeliDE Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(Ö8), 720-731. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.821918