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Çin çeviri tarihinde Batı etkisi ve modernleşme girişimleri: “Tongwen Guan (同文館)” çeviri okulu örneği

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 892 - 910, 21.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1032537

Abstract

Çeviri, en basit anlamıyla bir dilden başka bir dile dolayısıyla da bir kültürden başka bir kültüre yapılan sözlü ve yazılı aktarımların tümüdür. Çin’de bilinen en eski kayıtlı çeviri faaliyetleri, Zhou Hanedanı’na (周朝/MÖ 1122-221) kadar uzanmaktadır. Bu ülkenin çeviri tarihini üç aktarım sürecine ayıracak olursak, ilk aktarım Budizm’in Çin’e gelişiyle birlikte dini metin çevirileri ile başlamıştır. İkinci aktarım ise 16. ve 17 yüzyıllarda Cizvit misyonerlerin Katolikliği yayma çabalarıyla ve ağırlıklı olarak dini metinlerin yanı sıra bilimsel metinlerin de çevrilmesi ile devam etmiştir. Üçüncü aktarım ise 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda ağırlıklı olarak Batı biliminin çevrilmesi ile gerçekleşmiştir. Böylece ülkede batılılaşma ile eş anlamlı hale gelen bir modernleşme sürecinin başladığı yaygın olarak kabul edilir. Afyon Savaşları’nda aldığı yenilgilerin de etkisiyle Çin bu süreçte büyük bir uyanış geçirmiş, gelenekselci özünü kaybetmeden Batıdan sadece bilimi geliştirme anlamında faydalanabilmek için çeviriye daha fazla önem vermiştir. Bu doğrultuda hükümet, kendi çevirmenini yetiştirmek ve iki dil bilen kaliteli memur ihtiyacını karşılamak için 1862 yılında “Tongwen Guan (同文館)” çeviri okulunu kurmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı; çeviri deyince akla ilk gelen Batı dünyasının yanı sıra Doğu’yu da Çin üzerinden inceleyip ele alarak, çeviribilim alanına Doğu’dan bir örnekle katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla China Academic Journals (CNKI) veri tabanı ve açık kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgiler ve bu alanda yazılmış kitaplar kullanılarak uzun Çin tarihi içerisinde çevirinin rolü incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Çin’de çevirinin, ülkenin geleneksel dünya algısı ve bazı hükümet politikaları çerçevesinde olumlu anlamda şekillendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Günümüzdeki modern Çin, ülkenin Batı liderliğindeki bir dünya sisteminde kendi yolunu bulup, fırsatlarını keşfetmesiyle mümkün olmuştur.

References

  • A, Y. 阿英 (1955). 晚清小说史 (Wan Qing xiao shuo shi). Pekin: Zuojia Chubanshe.
  • A, Y. 阿英 (1957). 晚清戏曲小说目录 (Wan Qing xi qu xiao shuo mu lu). Shanghai: Shanghai Gudian Wenxue Chubanshe.
  • Bao, Y. 寶鋆, ed. (1971). 籌辦夷務始末: 同治朝 (Chouban yiwu shimo: Tongzhi chao 籌辦夷務始末: 同治朝). vol. 8. Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe.
  • Biggerstaff, K. (1961). The Earliest Modern Government Schools in China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Chen, X. 陳向陽. (2004). 晚清京師同文館研究 (Wanqing jingshi Tongwen Guan yanjiu). Guangzhou: Guangdong Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
  • Clyde, P. & Beers, B. (1966). The Far East. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey. Prentice Hall.
  • Cordier, H. (1901). L’Imprimerie Sino-Europeenne an Chine. Bibliographie des ouvrages publies en Chine par les Europeens au XVIIe et XVIIIe siecle. Paris.
  • Ding, Z. 丁偉志 & Chen, S. 陳松. (1995). 中體西用之間 (Zhongti xiyong zhijian). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
  • Elman, A. B. (1990). From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University Press.
  • Elman, A. B. (2004). “Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China’s Self-Strengthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure, 1865–1895.” Modern Asian Studies. 38(2): 283–326. Elman, A. B. (2005). On Their Own Terms: Science and China, 1550–1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Feng, G. 馮桂芬 (1885). 校邠廬抗議 (Chiao-pin-lu k’ang-i). Vol.2. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs. (1867/ 1868). Washington D. C.
  • Feng, G. 馮桂芬. (1967). 采西學議 (Cai xixue yi). içinde “校邠廬 議 (Jiaobinlu kangyi)”. Feng Guifen 馮桂芬 (Eds.). Taipei: Xuehai Chubaishe.
  • Fung, A. (1996). “Testing the Self-Strengthening: The Chinese Army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.” Modern Asian Studies 30: 1007–031.
  • Hu, D. 胡代聰. (1997). “中國第一所外語外事學校同文館:兼論圍繞它的文化,政治衝突(Zhongguo diyisuo waiyu waishi xuexiao tongwenguan: Jianlun weirao tade wenhua, zhengzhi chongtu).” 外交學院學報 (Waijiao xueyuan xuebao). 4: 42-49.
  • IWSM. (1929-31). Ch’ou- pan i-wu shih-mo. Pekin: Palace Museum. Vol.250.
  • Jia, Y. 賈永堂. (2001). “我國現代改革中教育觀轉變難的文化原因探析 (Woguo xiandai gaige zhong jiaoyuguan zhuanbiannan de wenhua yuanyin tanxi).” 現代大學研究 (Xiandai daxue yanjiu). 2: 33–36.
  • Jia, Z. 賈禎. (1970). 籌辦夷務始末: 鹹豐朝 (Chouban yiwu shimo: Xianfeng chao). Vol. 71. Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe.
  • Liang, Q. 梁啟超. (1989). 飲冰室合集 (Yibinshi heji). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
  • Li, X. 李欣然. (2015). “爭於廟堂的道器與中西—同治五、六 年間的天文算學館之爭 (Zhengyu miaotang de daoqi yu zhongxi—Tongzhi wuliunian jian de tianwen suanxue guan zhi zheng).” 社會科學研究 (Shehui kexue yanjiu). 4: 182–187.
  • Lü, J. 呂景琳. & Zhang, D. 張德信. (1988). “略論京師同文館與人才培養 (Lüelun jingshi Tongwen Guan yu rencai peiyang).” 近代史研究 (Jindaishi yanjiu). 47(5): 86–101.
  • Ma, Z. 马祖毅 (1984). 中国翻译简史:五四以前部分 (Zhongguo fan yi jian shi: “Wu si” yi qian bu fen). Pekin: Zhongguo Dai wai Fanyi Chuban Gongsi.
  • Nanqiu, L. 黎难秋 (2006). 中国科学翻译史 (Zhongguo Kexue Fanyi Shi). Anhui: Zhongguo Kexue Jishu Daxue Chubanshe.
  • O’Brien, M. J. (1870). “The Peking College.” North China Herald. January 25.
  • Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs. (1867/ 1868). I. s.473-474.
  • Peake, C. (1932). Nationalism and Education in Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Qi, R. 齊如山. (1998). 齊如山回憶錄 (Qi Rushan huiyi lu). Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju Chubanshe.
  • Ruan, Y. 阮元 (1980). 十三經注疏 (Shi San Jing Zhu Shu). Pekin: Zhonghua Shu Ju. Vol. 2.
  • Rudolph, J. (2008). Negotiated Power in Late Imperial China: The Zongli Yamen and the Politics of Reform. Ithaca: Cornell University East Asia Program.
  • Su, J. 蘇精. (1985). 清末同文館及其師生 (Qingji tongwen guan jiqi shisheng). Taipei: Su jing.
  • Wang, J. 汪敬虞. (1987). 赫德與近代中西關係 (Hede yu jindai zhongxi guanxi). Beijing: Beijing Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Zhongguo shixuehui 中國近代史學會. ed. (1961). 中國近代史資料彙編: 洋務運動 (Zhongguo jindaishi ziliao huibian: Yangwu yundong). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Zhu, Y. 朱有瓛. ed. (1983). 中國近代學制史料 (Zhongguo jindai xuezhi shiliao). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
  • Xiong, Y. 熊月之 (1994). 西学东渐与晚清社会 (Xi xue dong jian yu wan Qing she hui). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.

Western influence and modernization attempts in Chinese translation history: the example of “Tongwen Guan (同文館)” translation school

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 892 - 910, 21.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1032537

Abstract

Translation, in its simplest sense, is all of the verbal and written transfers from one language to another. The earliest known recorded translation activities in China date back to the Zhou Dynasty (周朝/1122-221 BC). If we divide the translation history of this country into three transmission processes, the first transmission started with the arrival of Buddhism in China. The second transmission continued with the efforts of Jesuit missionaries to spread Catholicism in the 16th and 17th centuries. The third transfer took place mainly by the translation of Western science in the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, it is widely accepted that a modernization process has begun in the country, which has become synonymous with westernization. With the effect of the defeats in the Opium Wars, China had a great awakening in this process and gave more importance to translation in order to benefit from the West only in terms of developing science without losing its traditionalist essence. In this direction, the government established the "Tongwen Guan (同文館)" translation school in 1862 to train its own translators and to meet the need for qualified bilingual officials. The aim of the study is to contribute to the field of translation studies by examining and addressing the East through China. In order to collect data in the study; CNKI database, open sources and books written in this field were used. In this respect, it has been observed that translation in China is shaped positively within the framework of the country's traditional world perception and some government policies.

References

  • A, Y. 阿英 (1955). 晚清小说史 (Wan Qing xiao shuo shi). Pekin: Zuojia Chubanshe.
  • A, Y. 阿英 (1957). 晚清戏曲小说目录 (Wan Qing xi qu xiao shuo mu lu). Shanghai: Shanghai Gudian Wenxue Chubanshe.
  • Bao, Y. 寶鋆, ed. (1971). 籌辦夷務始末: 同治朝 (Chouban yiwu shimo: Tongzhi chao 籌辦夷務始末: 同治朝). vol. 8. Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe.
  • Biggerstaff, K. (1961). The Earliest Modern Government Schools in China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Chen, X. 陳向陽. (2004). 晚清京師同文館研究 (Wanqing jingshi Tongwen Guan yanjiu). Guangzhou: Guangdong Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
  • Clyde, P. & Beers, B. (1966). The Far East. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey. Prentice Hall.
  • Cordier, H. (1901). L’Imprimerie Sino-Europeenne an Chine. Bibliographie des ouvrages publies en Chine par les Europeens au XVIIe et XVIIIe siecle. Paris.
  • Ding, Z. 丁偉志 & Chen, S. 陳松. (1995). 中體西用之間 (Zhongti xiyong zhijian). Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
  • Elman, A. B. (1990). From Philosophy to Philology: Intellectual and Social Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University Press.
  • Elman, A. B. (2004). “Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China’s Self-Strengthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure, 1865–1895.” Modern Asian Studies. 38(2): 283–326. Elman, A. B. (2005). On Their Own Terms: Science and China, 1550–1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Feng, G. 馮桂芬 (1885). 校邠廬抗議 (Chiao-pin-lu k’ang-i). Vol.2. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs. (1867/ 1868). Washington D. C.
  • Feng, G. 馮桂芬. (1967). 采西學議 (Cai xixue yi). içinde “校邠廬 議 (Jiaobinlu kangyi)”. Feng Guifen 馮桂芬 (Eds.). Taipei: Xuehai Chubaishe.
  • Fung, A. (1996). “Testing the Self-Strengthening: The Chinese Army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.” Modern Asian Studies 30: 1007–031.
  • Hu, D. 胡代聰. (1997). “中國第一所外語外事學校同文館:兼論圍繞它的文化,政治衝突(Zhongguo diyisuo waiyu waishi xuexiao tongwenguan: Jianlun weirao tade wenhua, zhengzhi chongtu).” 外交學院學報 (Waijiao xueyuan xuebao). 4: 42-49.
  • IWSM. (1929-31). Ch’ou- pan i-wu shih-mo. Pekin: Palace Museum. Vol.250.
  • Jia, Y. 賈永堂. (2001). “我國現代改革中教育觀轉變難的文化原因探析 (Woguo xiandai gaige zhong jiaoyuguan zhuanbiannan de wenhua yuanyin tanxi).” 現代大學研究 (Xiandai daxue yanjiu). 2: 33–36.
  • Jia, Z. 賈禎. (1970). 籌辦夷務始末: 鹹豐朝 (Chouban yiwu shimo: Xianfeng chao). Vol. 71. Taipei: Wenhai Chubanshe.
  • Liang, Q. 梁啟超. (1989). 飲冰室合集 (Yibinshi heji). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
  • Li, X. 李欣然. (2015). “爭於廟堂的道器與中西—同治五、六 年間的天文算學館之爭 (Zhengyu miaotang de daoqi yu zhongxi—Tongzhi wuliunian jian de tianwen suanxue guan zhi zheng).” 社會科學研究 (Shehui kexue yanjiu). 4: 182–187.
  • Lü, J. 呂景琳. & Zhang, D. 張德信. (1988). “略論京師同文館與人才培養 (Lüelun jingshi Tongwen Guan yu rencai peiyang).” 近代史研究 (Jindaishi yanjiu). 47(5): 86–101.
  • Ma, Z. 马祖毅 (1984). 中国翻译简史:五四以前部分 (Zhongguo fan yi jian shi: “Wu si” yi qian bu fen). Pekin: Zhongguo Dai wai Fanyi Chuban Gongsi.
  • Nanqiu, L. 黎难秋 (2006). 中国科学翻译史 (Zhongguo Kexue Fanyi Shi). Anhui: Zhongguo Kexue Jishu Daxue Chubanshe.
  • O’Brien, M. J. (1870). “The Peking College.” North China Herald. January 25.
  • Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs. (1867/ 1868). I. s.473-474.
  • Peake, C. (1932). Nationalism and Education in Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Qi, R. 齊如山. (1998). 齊如山回憶錄 (Qi Rushan huiyi lu). Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju Chubanshe.
  • Ruan, Y. 阮元 (1980). 十三經注疏 (Shi San Jing Zhu Shu). Pekin: Zhonghua Shu Ju. Vol. 2.
  • Rudolph, J. (2008). Negotiated Power in Late Imperial China: The Zongli Yamen and the Politics of Reform. Ithaca: Cornell University East Asia Program.
  • Su, J. 蘇精. (1985). 清末同文館及其師生 (Qingji tongwen guan jiqi shisheng). Taipei: Su jing.
  • Wang, J. 汪敬虞. (1987). 赫德與近代中西關係 (Hede yu jindai zhongxi guanxi). Beijing: Beijing Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Zhongguo shixuehui 中國近代史學會. ed. (1961). 中國近代史資料彙編: 洋務運動 (Zhongguo jindaishi ziliao huibian: Yangwu yundong). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Zhu, Y. 朱有瓛. ed. (1983). 中國近代學制史料 (Zhongguo jindai xuezhi shiliao). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
  • Xiong, Y. 熊月之 (1994). 西学东渐与晚清社会 (Xi xue dong jian yu wan Qing she hui). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section World languages, cultures and litertures
Authors

Çile Maden Kalkan 0000-0003-4736-7101

Aylin Yılmaz Şaşmaz 0000-0001-7863-4140

Publication Date December 21, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Maden Kalkan, Ç., & Yılmaz Şaşmaz, A. (2021). Çin çeviri tarihinde Batı etkisi ve modernleşme girişimleri: “Tongwen Guan (同文館)” çeviri okulu örneği. RumeliDE Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(25), 892-910. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1032537