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ПЕТР ШАФИРОВ И РОССИЙСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА

Year 2025, Issue: 13, 219 - 236, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1615100

Abstract

В данном исследовании рассматривается роль стратегической культуры России в формирование её внешней политики посредством анализа исторических, правовых и культурных конструктов. Сосредоточив внимание на таких ключевых понятиях, как «соотечественники», «народ» и «справедливая война», исследование демонстрирует, как эти элементы способствуют преемственности имперской идентичности и геополитических целей России. В качестве примера используется творчество барона Петра Шафирова — первого российского юриста-международника и государственного деятеля. В центре внимания — «Рассуждение о справедливых причинах войны между Швецией и Россией», написанное Шафировым в 1717 году, которое является основополагающим текстом в развитии российской стратегической культуры. Это связано с тем, что Шафиров создал концептуальную схему, формулирующую имперские притязания России при Петре I, объединяя русское прошлое и современное ему политическое мышление. В то же время данная работа демонстрирует, как российская бюрократия воспринимала и интерпретировала концепции европейской литературы по международному праву. Аналогичным образом, использование Шафировым понятий «соотечественники», «народ» и «справедливая война» для легитимации действий России во внешней и экспансионистской политике показывает, как исторически складывалась эта практика и как её риторика продолжает существовать по сей день. Работа Шафирова, представляющая собой выдающийся труд по истории международного права и дипломатии, является одним из краеугольных камней формирования российской стратегической культуры и требует тщательного анализа и интерпретации с применением интерпретативистского подхода. В данном исследовании сначала объясняется понятие стратегической культуры, а затем рассматриваются её логика и функционирование во внешней политике России. В этом контексте проводится анализ работы Шафирова.

References

  • Almond, Gabriel A., & Sydney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Bushkovitch, Paul. “Peter the Great and the West in Russian Culture and State,” Russian StudiesHu 4/1 (2022): 3-29.
  • Çalık, Ayşe, Gülsüm, Rusya’nın Arktika Politikası. Ankara: AU Yayınları, 2025.
  • Filho, Franca, & Marcílio Toscano. “Westphalia: A Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science.” German Law Journal 8/10 (2007): 955-975.
  • Giddens, Anthony. New Rules of Sociological Method. California: Stanford University Press, 1993.
  • Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Laruelle, Marlène. Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Leustean, Lucian N. “Eastern Orthodoxy, Geopolitics and the 2016 ‘Holy and Great Synod of the Orthodox Church’,” Geopolitics 23/1 (2018): 309-335.
  • Moiseyev, D. S., et al. “Kontseptsiya Global’nogo Konservatizma. Traditsionnyye Tsennosti Kak Most Mezhdu Rossiyey i Zapadom.” Rossiya v Globalnoy Politike 21/5 (2023): 108-123.
  • Moscovici, Serge. “On Social Representations: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding.” In Social Cognition, edited by J. Forgas, 181-209. London: Academic Press, 1981.
  • Østbø, Jardar. The New Third Rome: Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2016.
  • Paleolog, Maksim, & Svetlana Chistova. “Sakralnyy Aspekt Imperskoy Ideologii Rossii. Imperskaya Ideologiya v Epokhu Petra i i XIX Veke.” Nauchno-analiticheskiy Zhurnal Obozrevatel - Observer 9/296 (2014): 64-74.
  • Polsky, V. & V. S. Rjeuchky. Laboratoriya Ponyatiy: Perevod i Yaziki Politiki v Rossii XVIII veka. Pod Red. S. V. Polskogo & V. S. Rjeuchkogo. Moskva: M. Seriya, 2022.
  • Rezvani, Babak. “Russian Foreign Policy and Geopolitics in the Post-Soviet Space and the Middle East: Tajikistan, Georgia, Ukraine and Syria.” Middle Eastern Studies 56/6 (2020): 923-947.
  • Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., & Mark D. Steinberg. Rusya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan Günümüze. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010.
  • Rumer, Eugene, & Richard Sokolsky. Grand Illusions: The Impact of Misperceptions About Russia on U.S. Policy. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021.
  • “Russia’s Vladimir Putin Says He Drove a Taxi After Fall of Soviet Union.” France 24, December 13, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211213-russia-s-vladimir-putin-says-he-drove-a-taxi-after-fall-of-soviet-union (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2023).
  • Rynning, Sten. “The False Promise of Continental Concert: Russia, the West and the Necessary Balance of Power.” International Affairs 91/3 (2015): 539-552.
  • Schutz, Alfred, et al. “Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences.” The Journal of Philosophy 51/9 (1954): 257-273.
  • Shafirov, Petr Pavlovich. Razsuzhdeniye Kakiye Zakonnye Prichiny Yego Tsarskoye Velichestvo Petr Pervyy Tsar i Povelitel’ Vserossiiskii: I Protchaya, I Protchaya, I Protchaya: k Nachatiyu Voiny Protiv Korolya Karola 12, Shvedskogo 1700. St. Petersburg: 1722.
  • Snyder, Jack L. The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1977.
  • Suslov, Mikhail. “‘Russian World’ Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of Spheres of Influence,” Geopolitics 23/2 (2018): 330-353.
  • Voloskova, Aida. Diplomaticheskaya Leksika Nachala XVIII Veka (Po Materialam Traktata P.P Shafirova “Rassuzhdenie, Kakie Zakonnye Prichiny Petr Velikii k Nachatiyu Voina Protiv Karla XII Imel). Leningrad: Diss. Kandidat Filologicheskikh Nauk, 1966.
  • Vzaemskiy, P. A. “Razbor Vtorogo Razgovora.” Damskiy Zhurnal 8 (1824): 76-79.
  • “Why Do We Need a World if Russia Is Not In It?” The Moscow Times. February 28, 2022. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2023. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/28/why-do-we-need-a-world-if-russia-is-not-in-it-state-tv-presenter-opens-show-with-ominous-address-a76653
  • Zevelev, Igor. “The Russian World in Moscow’s Strategy.” CSIS Report, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2016.

PETR SHAFIROV AND RUSSIAN STRATEGIC CULTURE

Year 2025, Issue: 13, 219 - 236, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1615100

Abstract

This study examines the role of Russia’s strategic culture in shaping its foreign policy by analyzing historical, legal, and cultural constructs. Focusing on key concepts such as “kinship,” “people,” and “just war,” this study shows how these elements shape the continuity of Russia’s imperial identity and geopolitical goals. It does so through the work of Baron Petr Shafirov, Russia’s first international lawyer and statesman. It focuses on “A Discourse Concerning the Just Causes of the War Between Sweden and Russia,” written by Shafirov in 1717, as a foundational text in the development of Russia’s strategic culture. This is because Shafirov constructs a conceptual framework that articulates Russia’s imperial claim under Peter I, bringing together the Russian past and the thinking of the time. At the same time, this text tells us how the Russian bureaucracy perceived and interpreted the concepts of European international law literature. Likewise, Shafirov’s construction of the concepts of “kinship,” “people,” and “just war” on the basis of the concepts of “kinship,” “people,” and “just war” to legitimize Russia’s actions in its foreign and expansionist policy shows how it has been historically constructed and even continues to the present day. Shafirov’s work, which is a history of international law and diplomacy, is one of the cornerstones in the construction of strategic culture and requires analysis and interpretation using the interpretivist method. In this study, we will first explain the concept of strategic culture and then discuss its logic and functioning in Russia’s foreign policy. Then Shahirov’s work will be analyzed in this context.

References

  • Almond, Gabriel A., & Sydney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Bushkovitch, Paul. “Peter the Great and the West in Russian Culture and State,” Russian StudiesHu 4/1 (2022): 3-29.
  • Çalık, Ayşe, Gülsüm, Rusya’nın Arktika Politikası. Ankara: AU Yayınları, 2025.
  • Filho, Franca, & Marcílio Toscano. “Westphalia: A Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science.” German Law Journal 8/10 (2007): 955-975.
  • Giddens, Anthony. New Rules of Sociological Method. California: Stanford University Press, 1993.
  • Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Laruelle, Marlène. Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Leustean, Lucian N. “Eastern Orthodoxy, Geopolitics and the 2016 ‘Holy and Great Synod of the Orthodox Church’,” Geopolitics 23/1 (2018): 309-335.
  • Moiseyev, D. S., et al. “Kontseptsiya Global’nogo Konservatizma. Traditsionnyye Tsennosti Kak Most Mezhdu Rossiyey i Zapadom.” Rossiya v Globalnoy Politike 21/5 (2023): 108-123.
  • Moscovici, Serge. “On Social Representations: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding.” In Social Cognition, edited by J. Forgas, 181-209. London: Academic Press, 1981.
  • Østbø, Jardar. The New Third Rome: Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2016.
  • Paleolog, Maksim, & Svetlana Chistova. “Sakralnyy Aspekt Imperskoy Ideologii Rossii. Imperskaya Ideologiya v Epokhu Petra i i XIX Veke.” Nauchno-analiticheskiy Zhurnal Obozrevatel - Observer 9/296 (2014): 64-74.
  • Polsky, V. & V. S. Rjeuchky. Laboratoriya Ponyatiy: Perevod i Yaziki Politiki v Rossii XVIII veka. Pod Red. S. V. Polskogo & V. S. Rjeuchkogo. Moskva: M. Seriya, 2022.
  • Rezvani, Babak. “Russian Foreign Policy and Geopolitics in the Post-Soviet Space and the Middle East: Tajikistan, Georgia, Ukraine and Syria.” Middle Eastern Studies 56/6 (2020): 923-947.
  • Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., & Mark D. Steinberg. Rusya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan Günümüze. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010.
  • Rumer, Eugene, & Richard Sokolsky. Grand Illusions: The Impact of Misperceptions About Russia on U.S. Policy. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021.
  • “Russia’s Vladimir Putin Says He Drove a Taxi After Fall of Soviet Union.” France 24, December 13, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211213-russia-s-vladimir-putin-says-he-drove-a-taxi-after-fall-of-soviet-union (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2023).
  • Rynning, Sten. “The False Promise of Continental Concert: Russia, the West and the Necessary Balance of Power.” International Affairs 91/3 (2015): 539-552.
  • Schutz, Alfred, et al. “Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences.” The Journal of Philosophy 51/9 (1954): 257-273.
  • Shafirov, Petr Pavlovich. Razsuzhdeniye Kakiye Zakonnye Prichiny Yego Tsarskoye Velichestvo Petr Pervyy Tsar i Povelitel’ Vserossiiskii: I Protchaya, I Protchaya, I Protchaya: k Nachatiyu Voiny Protiv Korolya Karola 12, Shvedskogo 1700. St. Petersburg: 1722.
  • Snyder, Jack L. The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1977.
  • Suslov, Mikhail. “‘Russian World’ Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of Spheres of Influence,” Geopolitics 23/2 (2018): 330-353.
  • Voloskova, Aida. Diplomaticheskaya Leksika Nachala XVIII Veka (Po Materialam Traktata P.P Shafirova “Rassuzhdenie, Kakie Zakonnye Prichiny Petr Velikii k Nachatiyu Voina Protiv Karla XII Imel). Leningrad: Diss. Kandidat Filologicheskikh Nauk, 1966.
  • Vzaemskiy, P. A. “Razbor Vtorogo Razgovora.” Damskiy Zhurnal 8 (1824): 76-79.
  • “Why Do We Need a World if Russia Is Not In It?” The Moscow Times. February 28, 2022. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2023. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/28/why-do-we-need-a-world-if-russia-is-not-in-it-state-tv-presenter-opens-show-with-ominous-address-a76653
  • Zevelev, Igor. “The Russian World in Moscow’s Strategy.” CSIS Report, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2016.

PETR SHAFİROV ve RUS STRATEJİK KÜLTÜRÜ

Year 2025, Issue: 13, 219 - 236, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1615100

Abstract

Bu çalışma, tarihsel, yasal ve kültürel yapıları analiz ederek Rusya’nın stratejik kültürünün dış politikasını şekillendirmedeki rolünü incelemektedir. “Soydaşlık”, ‘halk’ ve ‘adil savaş’ gibi anahtar kavramlara odaklanan bu çalışma, bu unsurların Rusya’nın emperyal kimliğinin ve jeopolitik hedeflerinin sürekliliğini nasıl şekillendirdiğini göstermektedir. Bunu da Rusya’nın ilk uluslararası hukukçusu ve devlet adamı olan Baron Petr Shafirov’un çalışmaları üzerinden yapıyor. Rusya’nın stratejik kültürünün gelişiminde temel bir metin olarak Şafirov tarafından 1717’de yazılan “İsveç ve Rusya Arasındaki Savaşın Haklı Sebepleri Üzerine Bir Çalışma” ya odaklanmaktadır. Zira Shafirov, Rusya’nın I. Petro dönemindeki imparatorluk iddiasını ifade eden kavramsal bir çerçeve inşa ederek Rus geçmişini ve dönemin düşüncesini bir araya getirmektedir. Bu metin bize Rus bürokrasisinin Avrupa uluslararası hukuk literatüründeki kavramları nasıl algıladığını ve yorumladığını da anlatmaktadır. Aynı şekilde Shafirov’un Rusya’nın dış ve yayılmacı politikasındaki eylemlerini meşrulaştırmak için “soydaşlık”, “halk” ve “haklı savaş” kavramlarını temel alarak inşa etmesi, tarihsel olarak nasıl inşa edildiğini ve hatta günümüze kadar nasıl devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Shafirov’un bir uluslararası hukuk ve diplomasi tarihi niteliğinde olan eseri, stratejik kültürün inşasında köşe taşlarından biridir. Bu yüzden yorumsamacı yöntem kullanılarak analiz edilmeyi ve yorumlanmayı gerektirir. Böylelikle bu çalışmada öncelikle stratejik kültür kavramı açıklanacak ve ardından Rusya’nın dış politikasındaki mantığı ve işleyişi tartışılacaktır. Ardından Shahirov’un çalışması bu bağlamda analiz edilecektir.

References

  • Almond, Gabriel A., & Sydney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Bushkovitch, Paul. “Peter the Great and the West in Russian Culture and State,” Russian StudiesHu 4/1 (2022): 3-29.
  • Çalık, Ayşe, Gülsüm, Rusya’nın Arktika Politikası. Ankara: AU Yayınları, 2025.
  • Filho, Franca, & Marcílio Toscano. “Westphalia: A Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science.” German Law Journal 8/10 (2007): 955-975.
  • Giddens, Anthony. New Rules of Sociological Method. California: Stanford University Press, 1993.
  • Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Laruelle, Marlène. Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Leustean, Lucian N. “Eastern Orthodoxy, Geopolitics and the 2016 ‘Holy and Great Synod of the Orthodox Church’,” Geopolitics 23/1 (2018): 309-335.
  • Moiseyev, D. S., et al. “Kontseptsiya Global’nogo Konservatizma. Traditsionnyye Tsennosti Kak Most Mezhdu Rossiyey i Zapadom.” Rossiya v Globalnoy Politike 21/5 (2023): 108-123.
  • Moscovici, Serge. “On Social Representations: Perspectives on Everyday Understanding.” In Social Cognition, edited by J. Forgas, 181-209. London: Academic Press, 1981.
  • Østbø, Jardar. The New Third Rome: Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2016.
  • Paleolog, Maksim, & Svetlana Chistova. “Sakralnyy Aspekt Imperskoy Ideologii Rossii. Imperskaya Ideologiya v Epokhu Petra i i XIX Veke.” Nauchno-analiticheskiy Zhurnal Obozrevatel - Observer 9/296 (2014): 64-74.
  • Polsky, V. & V. S. Rjeuchky. Laboratoriya Ponyatiy: Perevod i Yaziki Politiki v Rossii XVIII veka. Pod Red. S. V. Polskogo & V. S. Rjeuchkogo. Moskva: M. Seriya, 2022.
  • Rezvani, Babak. “Russian Foreign Policy and Geopolitics in the Post-Soviet Space and the Middle East: Tajikistan, Georgia, Ukraine and Syria.” Middle Eastern Studies 56/6 (2020): 923-947.
  • Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., & Mark D. Steinberg. Rusya Tarihi: Başlangıçtan Günümüze. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010.
  • Rumer, Eugene, & Richard Sokolsky. Grand Illusions: The Impact of Misperceptions About Russia on U.S. Policy. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2021.
  • “Russia’s Vladimir Putin Says He Drove a Taxi After Fall of Soviet Union.” France 24, December 13, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211213-russia-s-vladimir-putin-says-he-drove-a-taxi-after-fall-of-soviet-union (erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2023).
  • Rynning, Sten. “The False Promise of Continental Concert: Russia, the West and the Necessary Balance of Power.” International Affairs 91/3 (2015): 539-552.
  • Schutz, Alfred, et al. “Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences.” The Journal of Philosophy 51/9 (1954): 257-273.
  • Shafirov, Petr Pavlovich. Razsuzhdeniye Kakiye Zakonnye Prichiny Yego Tsarskoye Velichestvo Petr Pervyy Tsar i Povelitel’ Vserossiiskii: I Protchaya, I Protchaya, I Protchaya: k Nachatiyu Voiny Protiv Korolya Karola 12, Shvedskogo 1700. St. Petersburg: 1722.
  • Snyder, Jack L. The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1977.
  • Suslov, Mikhail. “‘Russian World’ Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of Spheres of Influence,” Geopolitics 23/2 (2018): 330-353.
  • Voloskova, Aida. Diplomaticheskaya Leksika Nachala XVIII Veka (Po Materialam Traktata P.P Shafirova “Rassuzhdenie, Kakie Zakonnye Prichiny Petr Velikii k Nachatiyu Voina Protiv Karla XII Imel). Leningrad: Diss. Kandidat Filologicheskikh Nauk, 1966.
  • Vzaemskiy, P. A. “Razbor Vtorogo Razgovora.” Damskiy Zhurnal 8 (1824): 76-79.
  • “Why Do We Need a World if Russia Is Not In It?” The Moscow Times. February 28, 2022. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2023. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/28/why-do-we-need-a-world-if-russia-is-not-in-it-state-tv-presenter-opens-show-with-ominous-address-a76653
  • Zevelev, Igor. “The Russian World in Moscow’s Strategy.” CSIS Report, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2016.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Orkhan Gafarov 0000-0002-8890-2038

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date January 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 13

Cite

Chicago Gafarov, Orkhan. “PETR SHAFIROV AND RUSSIAN STRATEGIC CULTURE”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 13 (June 2025): 219-36. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1615100.