Glutensiz Diyetin Mikrobiyotaya Etkisi

Abstract

Glutensiz diyet, buğday, arpa, çavdar ve ürünlerini içermeyen beslenme modeli olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çölyak tanısı alanlar veya gluten intoleransı olan bireylerde yaşam boyu uygulanması gereken terapötik bir yaklaşımdır. Ancak son dönemde sağlıklı bireyler gaz, şişkinlik gibi şikayetlerin azaltılması ve vücut ağırlığı kaybının sağlanması amacıyla sıkça glutensiz diyet uygulayabilmektedir. Bu uygulamanın sağlık üzerine olumlu veya olumsuz etkileri netlik kazanmasa da mikrobiyota üzerine etkileri güncel çalışmalarla incelenmektedir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotası; zararlı veya faydalı metabolitler üreterek insan sağlığını etkileyen ve patojenlere karşı koruyan, bağışıklık sistemine katkısı olan ve gastrointestinal gelişimi düzenleyen bir organ olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çölyak hastaları gibi glutensiz diyet uygulaması gereken bireylerde glutensiz diyetin, mikrobiyotadaki disbiyoz durumunu kısmen veya tamamen düzelttiği bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca çölyak hastalığında glutensiz diyete ek olarak probiyotik desteğinin bağırsak homeostazının yeniden sağlanmasına yardımcı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Tam tersine sağlıklı bireylerde glutensiz diyet uygulamasının mikrobiyotada disbiyoza neden olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Bu etkinin glutensiz diyetin kompleks karbonhidrat ve bitkisel protein içeriğinin düşük, yağ içeriğinin ise yüksek olmasıyla ilişkili olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak glutensiz diyet bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinde etkili olup, çölyak hastalığı olanlar ve sağlıklı bireyler üzerine etkisi farklı olabilmektedir. Özellikle sağlıklı bireylerde yapılan çalışmalarda örneklem sayısının az olması ve uygulama sürelerinin kısa olması nedeniyle sınırlılıkları mevcuttur. Glutenin mikrobiyota üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesinde net bir mekanizma ve verilere ulaşılması için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• Bağırsak mikrobiyotası
• glutensiz diyet
• çölyak hastalığı
• probiyotik

The Impact of Gluten-Free Diet on Microbiota

Abstract

A gluten-free diet is defined as a dietary model that does not include wheat, barley, rye and their products. It is a therapeutic approach that should be applied for life in individuals with a diagnosis of celiac or gluten intolerance. However, recently, healthy individuals can be applied frequently to reduce complaints such as flatulence, bloating and body weight loss. Although the positive or negative effects of this practice are not clear, the effects on the microbiota are being examined. Gut microbiota is defined as an organ that affects human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites and protects against pathogens, contributes to the immune system and regulates gastrointestinal development. It has been reported that the gluten-free diet partly or exactly corrects the dysbiosis in the microbiota in individuals who need to follow a gluten-free diet, such as celiac patients. It is also stated that probiotic supplementation in addition to the gluten-free diet in celiac disease helps to restore intestinal homeostasis. On the contrary, it has been reported that gluten-free diet practice causes microbiota dysbiosis in healthy individuals. It is emphasized that this effect is related to the low ingredient of complex carbohydrates and vegetable protein and high fat in gluten-free diet. As a result, gluten-free diet is effective on the intestinal microbiota, and effect on those with celiac disease and healthy individuals may be different. Especially in studies with healthy individuals, there are limitations due to the small sample size and short practice times. More studies are needed to reach a clear mechanism and data in the evaluation of the effect of gluten on the microbiota.

Keywords

• Gut microbiota
• gluten-free diet
• celiac disease
• probiotic

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