Şizofreni veya Bipolar Bozukluk Tanılı Ebeveyn Çocuklarının Yaşam Deneyimleri

Year 2022, , 554 - 559, 20.09.2022

Dilek Konuk Şener Aysel Karaca

https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1173951

Abstract

Ebeveynde ruhsal hastalık tanısı bulunması hem çocuk hem de ebeveyn için oldukça sıkıntılı yaşam deneyimlerine sebep olabilmektedir. Şizofreni ve/veya bipolar bozukluk ile takip edilen anne/baba çocuklarının bireysel ve toplumsal birçok zorlukla mücadele ettikleri bilinmektedir. Her çocuğun yaşam deneyimi eşsiz ve özel olsa da aralarında dramatik benzerlikler olduğu görülmektedir. Çocuklar korku, utanma, üzüntü, umutsuzluk gibi duygular yaşamakta; kişilerarası uyumsuzluk, saldırganlık, davranış bozukluğu, düşük benlik saygısı ile karakterize çeşitli sosyal problemler ile karşılaşmakta; stigmaya maruz kalmakta ve erken dönemde ağır sorumluluklar altına girmektedirler. Kullandıkları baş etme stratejilerinin ise maladaptif (sigara/alkol kullanımı, evden kaçma düşüncesi, içe kapanma vb) olduğu görülmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkilere rağmen, bazı çocuklarda problem çözme becerilerinin gelişmesi, özgüvenlerinin ve bağımsızlıklarının artması gibi olumlu etkilerde görülebilmektedir. Bu makalede, şizofreni ve/veya bipolar bozukluk tanılı ebeveyn çocuklarının yaşam deneyimleri ve gereksinimleri incelenerek, hemşirelerin rolünün tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çocukların yaşam deneyimlerinin öğrenilmesinin, aile işlevselliğinin artırılması, gereksinimlerinin karşılanabilmesi ve baş etme becerilerinin geliştirilebilmesi için hemşirelik girişimlerinde yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Bipolar bozukluk, çocuk, ebeveynlik, hemşirelik, şizofreni

Life Experiences of Children a Parent with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

A diagnosis of a mental disorder in the parent may lead to very troubling life experiences both for the child and the parent. Children of parents followed up for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder struggle with many individual and social difficulties. While each child's life experience is unique and special, there are seen that dramatic similarities between them. These children have feelings of fear, embarrassment, sadness, hopelessness; encounter various social problems characterized by interpersonal inconsistency, aggression, behavioral disorder, and low self-esteem; being exposed to stigma and are overwhelmed with heavy responsibilities at an early age. Their coping strategies can be maladaptive, such as smoking or alcohol consumption, thinking of eloping, becoming introverted, and so on. Despite these negative effects, positive effects such as the development of problem-solving skills and increased self-confidence can be seen in some children. In this study, it was aimed to discuss the role of nurses by examining the life experiences and needs of the children of parents with schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. It is thought that obtaining knowledge about the life experiences of these children can help guide nursing interventions in order to increase family functionality, meet the requirements and improve the coping skills.

Keywords

Bipolar disorders, child, nursing, parenting, schizophrenia

References

• Atılgan A, Önlen C, Marzı M, Köksal, F. Şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluklar ile enfeksiyon hastalıkları arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Mustafa Kemal Üniv. Tıp Derg. 2017; 8(31): 14-22.
• Burton BK, Vangkilde S, Petersen A, Skovgaard LT, Jepsen JR, Hemager N, et al. Sustained attention and ınterference control among 7-year-old children with a familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder—a nationwide observational cohort study. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018; 3(8): 704-12.
• Güneri-Yöyen E. Şizofreni ve bipolar affektif bozukluk manik epizod tanısı almış hastaların rorschach protokolü açısından karşılaştırılması. İGÜ Sos. Bil. Derg. 2017; 4(1): 129-49.
• Hemager N, Vangkilde S, Thorup A, Christiani C, Ellersgaard D, Spang KS, et al. Visual attention in 7-year-old children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: The Danish high risk and resilience study VIA 7. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019; 258: 56-65.
• Birsoz S. Şizofreni ve iki uçlu spektrum bozuklukları benzerlikler ve farklılıklar. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2013; 3(1): 54-5.
• De la Serna, E, Camprodon-Boadas P, Ilzarbe D, Sugranyes G, Baeza I, Moreno D, et al. Neuropsychological development in the child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A two-year follow-up comparative study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021; 30(1): 117-29.
• Köroğlu A, Hocaoğlu C. Şizofreninin aile üzerine olan etkisi. DÜ Sağlık Bil Enst Derg. 2017; 7(3): 170-5.
• Çetinkaya-Duman Z. Kronik psikiyatri hastalarının aileleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2013; 5(1): 78-94.
• Reine G, Lancon C, Simeoni MC, Duplan S, Auquier P. Caregiver burden in relatives of persons with schizophrenia: an overview of measure instruments. Encephale. 2003; 29(2): 137-47.
• Saunders JC. Families living with severe mental illness: a literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2003; 24: 175–98.
• Buldukoglu K, Bademli K, Karakaya D, Göral G, Keser I. Ruhsal hastalığı olan ebeveynle yaşamak. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2011; 3(4): 683-703.
• Harstone A, Charles G Children of parents with mental illness: Young carers, coping and transition into adulthood. Relational Child & Youth Care Practice, 2012; 25(2): 1-27.
• Karimzadeh M, Rostami M, Teymouri R, Moazzen Z, Tahmasebi S. The association between parental mental health and behavioral disorders in pre-school children. Electronic Physician. 2017; 9(6): 4497-502.
• Lauritzen C, Reedtz C, Rognmo K, Nilsen MA, Walstad A. Identification of and support for children of mentally ill parents: a 5 year follow-up study of adult mental health services. Front. Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 1-10.
• Leahy MA. Children of mentally ill parents: Understanding the effects of childhood trauma as it pertains to the school setting. International Journal of Educational Research. 2015; 71: 100-7.
• Simpson-Adkins GJ, Daiches A. How do children make sense of their parent’s mental health difficulties: a meta-synthesis. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2018; 27: 2705-16.
• Herbert HS, Manjula M, Philip M. Growing up with a parent having schizophrenia: experiences and resilience in the offsprings. Indian J Psychol Med. 2013; 35(2): 148-53.
• Murphy G, Peters K, Wilkes L, Jackson D. Adult children of parents with mental illness: parenting journeys. Murphy et al. BMC Psychology. 2018; 6(37): 1-10.
• Reedtz C, Lauritzen C, Stover YV, Freili JL, Rognmo K. Identification of children of parents with mental illness: a necessity to provide relevant support. Front. Psychiatry, 2019; 9(728): 1-14.
• Ayano G, Betts K, Maravilla JC, Alati R. A systematic review and meta‑analysis of the risk of disruptive behavioral disorders in the ofspring of parents with severe psychiatric disorders. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2021; 52: 77–95.
• Patrick PM, Reupert AE, McLean LA. “We are more than our parents’ mental illness”: narratives from adult children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019; 16(839): 1-16.
• Mattejat F, Remschmidt H. The children of mentally ill parents. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008; 105(23): 413-8.
• Knutsson-Medin L, Edlund B, Ramklint M. Experiences in a group of grown-up children of mentally ill parents. Experiences in a group of grown-up children of mentally ill parents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2007; 14: 744-52.
• Manjula M, Raguram A. Self-concept in adult children of schizophrenic parents: An exploratory study. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2009; 55: 471-9.
• Polkki P, Ervast SA, Huupponen M. Coping and resilience of children of a mentally ill parent. Soc Work Health Care. 2005; 39: 151-63.
• Ballal D, Navaneetham J, Chandra PS. Children of parents with mental illness: the need for family focussed interventions in India. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019; 41(3): 228–34.
• Dam K, Hall E. Navigating in an unpredictable daily life: a meta-synthesis of children’s experiences living with a parent with severe mental illness. Scand J Car Sci. 2016; 30: 442-57.
• Aldridge J. The experiences of children living with and caring for parents with mental illness. Child Abuse Review. 2006; 15: 79-88.
• McIntosh I, Wright S. Exploring what the notion of ‘lived experience’ offers for social policy analysis. Journal of Social Policy. 2019; 48(3): 449-67.
• Azevedo V, Martins C, Maia Â. Life experiences throughout the lifespan: what do people say (or not) about them?. Journal of Adult Development. 2018; 25(9): 69-85.
• Glück J, Bluc S, Weststrate NM. More on the more life experience model: what we have learned (so far). The Journal of Value Inquiry. 2019; 53: 349-70.
• Weststrate NM, Glück J. Hard-earned wisdom: exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Dev Psychol. 2017; 53(4): 800-14.
• Gümüştaş F, Perdahlı-Fis N, Yulaf Y, Koyuncu-Kütük E, Yazkan-Akgül G, Kuşçu, T.D. Şizofreni açısından yüksek riskli çocuk ve ergenlerde algılanan anne-baba tutumları ve yaşam kalitesi düzeyleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2018; 19(3): 281-9.
• Buldukoglu K, Karakaya D, Keser İ, Bademli K, Acar G, Kurşun M. Living with mentally ill parents: The child perspective, Literatür Sempozyum. 2015; 7: 32-9.
• Çavuşoğlu H. Çocuk sağlığı hemşireliği. 12. baskı. Ankara: Sistem Ofset Basımevi; 2015.
• Grové C, Reupert A, Maybery D. The perspectives of young people of parents with a mental illness regarding preferred interventions and support. J Child Fam Stud. 2016; 25(10): 3056-65.
• Tchernegovski P, Hine R, Reupert AE, Maybery DJ. Adult mental health clinicians’ perspectives of parents with a mental illness and their children: single and dual focus approaches. BMC Health Services Research, 2018; 18(611): 1-10
• Şişmanlar ŞG, Çoşkun A, Ağaoğlu B, Zaimoğlu S, Karakaya I, Yavuz CI. Şizofreni tanılı hastaların çocuklarında dikkat, bellek ve yürütücü işlevler. Klinik Psikiyatri. 2009; 12: 161-71.
• Christiansen H, Reck C, Zietlow AL, Otto K, Steinmayr R, Wirthwein L, et al. Children of mentally ill parents at risk evaluation (compare): design and methods of a randomized controlled multicenter study—Part I. Front. Psychiatry. 2019; 10(128): 1-12.
• George S, Shaiju B, Sharma V. Problems faced and coping strategies used by adolescents with mentally ill parents in delhi. Nurs J India. 2012; 103: 183-7.